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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Dimensions of Care | - Acute Care
|
| Topic 2: Physician Activities | - Assessment
|
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34. Frage
An 88-year-old man is admitted to hospital with an upper gastrointestinal bleed. He is confused on admission, but his sensorium clears with resuscitation and stabilization. The patient lives in his own home with assistance from his children. Work-up shows metastatic gastric carcinoma for which no curative treatment can be offered. The family insists that the patient not be told the diagnosis because they fear he will have a "mental breakdown." Which one of the following is the best next step?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Once the patient's confusion has resolved, he should be presumed capable unless an assessment shows otherwise. MCCQE ethics objectives prioritize patient autonomy, informed decision-making, and confidentiality . Families may request "therapeutic privilege" or nondisclosure, but this is not the default and cannot override a capable patient's right to information needed to make decisions. The appropriate first step is to explore the patient's preferences about receiving serious news (some patients prefer limited information or to delegate decisions). Asking the patient whether he wants to know the diagnosis respects autonomy while remaining sensitive to potential distress. Simply telling him immediately (without checking preferences) may conflict with patient-centered disclosure, and automatically complying with the family's request violates the patient's rights and undermines informed consent for goals-of-care planning. A palliative care consult is appropriate, but only after clarifying the patient's understanding and wishes and beginning honest, preference- guided communication. The clinician should also support the family, explain ethical duties, and reassure them that disclosure can be done gradually and compassionately.
35. Frage
You are a physician working at a university campus health centre. Staff at the centre are thinking about initiating a campus-wide education campaign on stimulant medication use and misuse. From a physician's perspective, which one of the following is the key message to include in this campaign?
Antwort: E
Begründung:
The key public health message from a physician's perspective is the evidence-based health risks and adverse effects associated with nonprescribed stimulant use (e.g., insomnia, anxiety, cardiovascular events, and dependency). This is central to a harm-reduction approach.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Public Health & Psychiatry, Substance Use:
"Misuse of prescription stimulants is common among university students. Education campaigns should emphasize medical risks including cardiovascular complications, addiction potential, and psychiatric disturbances." MCCQE1 Objectives - Preventive Medicine > Health Promotion:
"Candidates should identify core messages in public education campaigns, prioritizing evidence-based risks and harm reduction." Legal and ethical issues (B, C) are important but secondary to the health implications. Prevalence data (D) informs the campaign design, but is not the message itself. Study habits (A) are relevant for academic counseling, not medical messaging.
36. Frage
You are caring for a 78-year-old man admitted to hospital for heart failure. On your rounds, he asks why he is not getting better. He has a history of heart failure, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. He has an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. This is his fourth admission in the past 6 months for acute decompensation of his heart failure. Between hospital admissions, he reports worsening shortness of breath and a progressive decline in function. Which one of the following is the next best step?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
This patient has end-stage heart failure with frequent hospitalizations, progressive symptoms, and functional decline. The most appropriate next step is to initiate a goals-of-care conversation, including acknowledgment of the prognosis.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Cardiology / Palliative Care:
"In advanced heart failure with recurrent admissions and functional decline, a goals-of-care discussion should be initiated to align treatment with patient values." MCCQE1 Objectives (Cardiology > 34-4 / ELOM > 90-2):
"Candidates must recognize end-stage illness and provide appropriate communication and palliative care planning." Deactivating the defibrillator (B) may be appropriate later but should follow a goals-of-care conversation.
Reassuring (C) ignores the true clinical trajectory.
37. Frage
A 6-year-old girl is found to have a blood pressure of 130/75 mm Hg. She was born prematurely at 32 weeks' gestation and required ventilation. There is a family history of hypertension in 3 grandparents. Clinical examination reveals a grade 1/6 mid-systolic murmur, no renal bruits, and femoral pulses are difficult to feel.
Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
The combination of upper extremity hypertension and weak femoral pulses is classic for aortic coarctation. A soft systolic murmur may be present. This condition often becomes apparent during routine screening in school-aged children.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Pediatrics / Cardiology:
"Coarctation of the aorta presents with upper limb hypertension, diminished femoral pulses, and sometimes a systolic murmur. BP discrepancy is key." MCCQE1 Objectives (Pediatrics > 78-1: Congenital Heart Disease):
"Candidates must recognize signs of aortic coarctation, including weak lower limb pulses and systemic hypertension in children." VSD (A) typically presents with a louder murmur. Reflux nephropathy (B) may cause hypertension but without femoral pulse discrepancy. Renal artery thrombosis (C) is rare. Essential hypertension (D) is less likely in this age group with these findings.
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38. Frage
A 26-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, presents for her 1st antenatal visit. She states she is at 26 weeks' gestation and is healthy. On abdominal examination, her fundus is palpated at the umbilicus. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for this finding?
Antwort: E
Begründung:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
At 20 weeks' gestation, the uterine fundus typically reaches the umbilicus. If the fundal height is lower than expected at a stated gestational age of 26 weeks, the most likely explanation-especially with no prior care- is a dating error.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Obstetrics:
"Fundal height at the umbilicus corresponds to ~20 weeks. In women lacking early prenatal care, dating errors are common causes of fundal height discrepancy." MCCQE1 Objectives (Obstetrics > 80-3: Routine Antenatal Care):
"Candidates must interpret fundal height and reconcile discrepancies with gestational age." IUGR and oligohydramnios are possible but require imaging confirmation. Bicornuate uterus may cause fundal shape anomalies but not significant dating discrepancy. A mole (D) would increase, not decrease, size.
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39. Frage
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