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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Container Orchestration | 22% | - Security
|
| Topic 2: Kubernetes Fundamentals | 46% | - Kubernetes API
|
| Topic 3: Cloud Native Application Delivery | 8% | - Deployment Strategies
|
| Topic 4: Cloud Native Architecture | 16% | - Cloud Native Landscape
|
| Topic 5: Cloud Native Observability | 8% | - Tracing
|
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問題 #13
What's the difference between a security profile and a security context?
答案：B
解題說明：
The correct answer is B. In Kubernetes, a securityContext is part of the Pod and container specification that configures runtime security settings for that workload-things like runAsUser, runAsNonRoot, Linux capabilities, readOnlyRootFilesystem, allowPrivilegeEscalation, SELinux options, seccomp profile selection, and filesystem group (fsGroup). These settings directly affect how the Pod's containers run on the node.
A security profile, in contrast, is a higher-level policy/standard enforced by the cluster control plane (typically via admission control) to ensure workloads meet required security constraints. In modern Kubernetes, this concept aligns with mechanisms like Pod Security Standards (Privileged, Baseline, Restricted) enforced through Pod Security Admission. The "profile" defines what is allowed or forbidden (for example, disallow privileged containers, disallow hostPath mounts, require non-root, restrict capabilities).
The control plane enforces these constraints by validating or rejecting Pod specs that do not comply- ensuring consistent security posture across namespaces and teams.
Option A and D are incorrect because security contexts do not "configure clusters and namespaces at runtime"; security contexts apply to Pods/containers. Option C reverses the relationship: security profiles don' t configure Pods at runtime; they constrain what security context settings (and other fields) are acceptable.
Practically, you can think of it as:
* SecurityContext = workload-level configuration knobs (declared in manifests, applied at runtime).
* SecurityProfile/Standards = cluster-level guardrails that determine which knobs/settings are permitted.
This separation supports least privilege: developers declare needed runtime settings, and cluster governance ensures those settings stay within approved boundaries. Therefore, B is the verified answer.
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問題 #14
CI/CD stands for:
答案：D
解題說明：
CI/CD is a foundational practice for delivering software rapidly and reliably, and it maps strongly to cloud native delivery workflows commonly used with Kubernetes. CI stands for Continuous Integration:
developers merge code changes frequently into a shared repository, and automated systems build and test those changes to detect issues early. CD is commonly used to mean Continuous Delivery or Continuous Deployment depending on how far automation goes. In many certification contexts and simplified definitions like this question, CD is interpreted as Continuous Deployment, meaning every change that passes the automated pipeline is automatically released to production. That matches option D.
In a Kubernetes context, CI typically produces artifacts such as container images (built from Dockerfiles or similar build definitions), runs unit/integration tests, scans dependencies, and pushes images to a registry. CD then promotes those images into environments by updating Kubernetes manifests (Deployments, Helm charts, Kustomize overlays, etc.). Progressive delivery patterns (rolling updates, canary, blue/green) often use Kubernetes-native controllers and Service routing to reduce risk.
Why the other options are incorrect: "Continuous Development" isn't the standard "D" term; it's ambiguous and not the established acronym expansion. "Cloud Integration/Cloud Development" is unrelated. Continuous Delivery (in the stricter sense) means changes are always in a deployable state and releases may still require a manual approval step, while Continuous Deployment removes that final manual gate. But because the option set explicitly includes "Continuous Deployment," and that is one of the accepted canonical expansions for CD, D is the correct selection here.
Practically, CI/CD complements Kubernetes' declarative model: pipelines update desired state (Git or manifests), and Kubernetes reconciles it. This combination enables frequent releases, repeatability, reduced human error, and faster recovery through automated rollbacks and controlled rollout strategies.
=========
問題 #15
Consider the following Kubernetes YAML definition for a Deployment:
How many Pods will be running when this Deployment is created?
答案：C
解題說明：
The 'replicas: 3' field in the Deployment specification indicates that Kubernetes should create and manage three Pods for this Deployment. The Deployment ensures that there are always three running Pods matching the specified labels.
問題 #16
A site reliability engineer needs to temporarily prevent new Pods from being scheduled on node-2 while keeping the existing workloads running without disruption. Which kubectl command should be used?
答案：D
解題說明：
In Kubernetes, node maintenance and availability are common operational tasks, and the platform provides specific commands to control how the scheduler places Pods on nodes. When the requirement is to temporarily prevent new Pods from being scheduled on a node without affecting the currently running Pods
, the correct approach is to cordon the node.
The command kubectl cordon node-2 marks the node as unschedulable. This means the Kubernetes scheduler will no longer place any new Pods onto that node. Importantly, cordoning a node does not evict, restart, or interrupt existing Pods. All workloads already running on the node continue operating normally. This makes cordoning ideal for scenarios such as diagnostics, monitoring, or preparing for future maintenance while ensuring zero workload disruption.
Option B, kubectl delete node-2, is incorrect because deleting a node removes it entirely from the cluster. This action would cause Pods running on that node to be terminated and rescheduled elsewhere, resulting in disruption-exactly what the question specifies must be avoided.
Option C, kubectl drain node-2, is also incorrect in this context. Draining a node safely evicts Pods (except for certain exclusions like DaemonSets) and reschedules them onto other nodes. While drain is useful for maintenance and upgrades, it does not keep existing workloads running on the node, making it unsuitable here.
Option D, kubectl pause deployment, applies only to Deployments and merely pauses rollout updates. It does not affect node-level scheduling behavior and has no impact on where Pods are placed by the scheduler.
Therefore, the correct and verified answer is Option A: kubectl cordon node-2, which aligns with Kubernetes operational best practices and official documentation for non-disruptive node management.
問題 #17
You are deploying a microservices application in Kubernetes. Each microservice has its own deployment and service. How can you enforce network policy rules to restrict communication between these microservices, allowing only authorized communication?
答案：A
解題說明：
The most effective way to enforce network policy rules for microservices in Kubernetes is to use network policies. Network policies allow you to define specific rules for communication between pods or groups of pods. By creating network policies, you can specify which pods are allowed to communicate with each other, based on their labels, namespaces, or other criteria. This allows you to restrict communication between microservices, ensuring that only authorized communication is allowed. While namespaces can help to isolate microservices logically, they do not provide granular network control. Configuring ports and services can restrict access to specific services, but it does not provide the level of control needed to enforce communication rules between microservices.
問題 #18
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