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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Services and Networking | 20% | - Provide and troubleshoot access to applications via services - Demonstrate basic understanding of NetworkPolicies - Use Ingress rules to expose applications |
| Topic 2: Application Deployment | 20% | - Use Kubernetes primitives to implement common deployment strategies (e.g., blue/green or canary) - Use the Helm package manager to deploy existing packages - Kustomize - Understand Deployments and how to perform rolling updates |
| Topic 3: Application Design and Build | 20% | - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns (e.g., sidecar, init and others) - Define, build and modify container images - Choose and use the right workload resource (Deployment, DaemonSet, CronJob, etc.) |
| Topic 4: Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - ServiceAccounts - SecurityContexts - Discover and use resources that extend Kubernetes (CRD, Operators) - ConfigMaps and Secrets - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - Understanding and defining resource requirements, limits and quotas |
| Topic 5: Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Use built-in CLI tools to monitor Kubernetes applications - Implement probes and health checks - Understand API deprecation policies - Debugging in Kubernetes - Utilize container logs |
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問題 #63
You are deploying a new application named 'cnat-app' that requires 5 replicas. You want to implement a rolling update strategy that ensures only one pod is unavailable at any given time, while also allowing for the creation of two new pods simultaneously. This will help to ensure that the application remains available during the update process.
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML.
- Update the 'replicas' to 5.
- Define 'maxunavailable: and 'maxSurge: 2' in the 'strategy.roIIingUpdate' section.
- Configure a 'strategy-type' to 'Rollingupdate' to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.
- Add a 'spec-template-spec-imagePullPolicy: Always' to ensure that the new image is pulled even if it exists in the pod's local cache.
2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f chat-app-deployment.yamr 3. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments chat-app-deployment to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Push a new image to the 'example/chat-app:latest' Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment - Use ' kubectl get pods -l app=chat-app' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. You will observe that one pod is terminated at a time, while two new pods with the updated image are created- 6. Check for Successful Update: - Once the deployment is complete, use 'kubectl describe deployment chat-app-deployment to see that the 'updatedReplicas' field matches the 'replicas' field, indicating a successful update.
問題 #64
You are running a critical application in your Kubernetes cluster, and it requires access to sensitive information stored in a secret To ensure the application only accesses the specific data it needs and avoids potential misuse, you need to configure ServiceAccounts With proper permissions to access the secret. Describe the steps involved in creating a ServiceAccount with the least privilege principle to access the secret Additionally, mention the YAML configuration required for the ServiceAccount and Role.
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Secret:
- Create a secret to store your sensitive data using 'kubectl create secret generic my-secret -from
- This command creates a secret named 'my-secret' with two key-value pairs: 'username' and 'password'
- Replace the values with your actual sensitive data.
2. Create a ServiceAccount
- Create a ServiceAccount using 'kubectl create serviceaccount my-service-account
- This command creates a ServiceAccount named 'my-service-account'
3. Create a Role:
- Create a Role to define the permissions for the ServiceAccount. This role will grant access to the secret.
- Create a Role named 'my-role' using the following YAML:
- Save this configuration in a file named 'my-role.yamr and apply it to your cluster using 'kubectl apply -f my-role-yamp - Replace 'default' With the namespace where your secret is created. 4. Bind the Role to the ServiceAccount: - Bind the created Role to the ServiceAccount using 'kubectl create rolebinding my-role-binding -role-my-role account'. - This command creates a RoleBinding named 'my-role-binding' which binds the 'my-role' to the 'my-service-account' in the 'default' namespace. - Replace 'default' With the namespace where your secret is created. 5. Verify Permissions: - You can verify the ServiceAccount's access to the secret using 'kubectl auth can-i get secrets -as-my-service-account --namespace=default' - This command should return 'yes' if the ServiceAccount has the necessary permissions. 6. Use the ServiceAccount in your Pod: - Use the ServiceAccount within your Pod's specification to grant the application access to the secret. - Add a 'serviceAccountNames field Within your Pod specification pointing to tne created ServiceAccount.
Now your application running in the Pod will have access to the secret 'my-secret using the environment variables defined in the 'envFror-n' section. The ServiceAccount 'my-service-account is configured with the least privilege principle, ensuring that it can only access the necessary data. ,
問題 #65
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh ckad00044
Task:
Update the existing Deployment busybox running in the namespace rapid-goat .
First, change the container name to musl.
Next, change the container image to busybox:musl .
Finally, ensure that the changes to the busybox Deployment, running in the namespace rapid-goat, are rolled out.
答案：
解題說明：
See the Explanation below for complete solution.
Explanation:
0) SSH to the correct host
ssh ckad00044
(Optional sanity)
kubectl config current-context
kubectl get ns | grep rapid-goat
1) Inspect the Deployment and current container name
kubectl -n rapid-goat get deploy busybox
kubectl -n rapid-goat get deploy busybox -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[*].name}{"\n"}' kubectl -n rapid-goat get deploy busybox -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[*].image}{"\n"}' Note the current container name (likely something like busybox). We need to rename it to musl.
2) Edit the Deployment (best for renaming container)
Renaming a container is easiest with edit:
kubectl -n rapid-goat edit deploy busybox
In the editor, find:
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: <old-name>
image: <old-image>
Change it to:
- name: musl
image: busybox:musl
Save and exit.
3) Ensure the rollout happens and completes
kubectl -n rapid-goat rollout status deploy busybox
4) Verify the new Pod template is correct
Check the Deployment template:
kubectl -n rapid-goat get deploy busybox -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].name}{"\n"}{.spec.
template.spec.containers[0].image}{"\n"}'
Check running Pods and the image actually used:
kubectl -n rapid-goat get pods -o wide
POD=$(kubectl -n rapid-goat get pods -l app=busybox -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}' 2>/dev/null || true) If you don't have that label selector, just pick a pod name from kubectl get pods and:
kubectl -n rapid-goat describe pod <pod-name> | sed -n '/Containers:/,/Conditions:/p'
問題 #66
You are running a critical application in Kubernetes tnat requires nign availability and IOW latency. The application uses a statefulset With 3 replicas, each consuming a large amount of memory. You need to define resource requests and limits for the pods to ensure that the application operates smoothly and doesn't get evicted due to resource constraints.
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Determine Resource Requirements:
- Analyze tne application's memory usage. Determine tne average memory consumption per pod and the peak memory usage.
- Consider the resources available on your Kubernetes nodes.
- Define realistic requests and limits based on the application's needs and available node resources.
2. Define Resource Requests and Limits in the StatefuISet:
- Update the StatefuISet YAML configuration with resource requests and limits for the container.
- requests: Specifies the minimum amount of resources the pod will request
- limits: Specifies the maximum amount of resources the pod can use.
3. Apply the StatefulSet Configuration: - Apply the updated StatefulSet configuration to your Kubernetes cluster: bash kubectl apply -f my-critical-app-statefulset.yaml 4. Monitor Resource Usage: - Use 'kubectl describe pod' to monitor the resource usage of the pods. - Ensure that the pods are utilizing the requested resources and not exceeding the limits.
問題 #67
You have a Deployment named 'web-app-deployments that runs a web application in a containerized environment. The application is designed for high availability and scalability, but you need to ensure that no more than two pods are ever terminated simultaneously during a rolling update process. This is to minimize the impact on service availability during the update. How would you implement this rolling update strategy using Deployment resources?
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Update the Deployment YAML:
- Modify the 'strategy.roIIinglJpdate' section of the Deployment YAML to configure the rolling update behavior.
- Set 'maxunavailable: 1 ' to allow only one pod to be unavailable at a time during the update.
- Set 'maxSurge: 1 ' to permit only one additional pod to be created beyond the desired replica count during the update.
2. Apply the Updated Deployment: - Use ' kubectl apply -f web-app-deployment-yamr to update the Deployment. 3. Monitor the Rolling Update: - Observe the pod updates using 'kubectl get pods -I app=web-app' - You will see that during the rolling update, only one pod is terminated, while one new pod is created, ensuring that no more than two pods are ever terminated at the same time. 4. Verify the Update: - Once the rolling update is complete, check the 'updatedReplicaS field in the Deployment description Ckubectl describe deployment web-app- deployment) to verify that it matches the 'replicas' field.
問題 #68
......
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