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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of privileged containers |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Understand and monitor network traffic - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Detect threats at the container level - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Configure network policies for namespace isolation |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Understand the container build process - Minimize base image footprint - Sign container images and verify signatures - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Use distroless images for static workload |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Modify host components to improve security - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Enable audit logging |
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NEW QUESTION # 27
You have a multi-tenant Kubernetes cluster where each tenant has its own namespace. You need to configure security policies to ensure that:
- Pods in namespace 'tenant-a' cannot access any resources in namespace 'tenant-b'
- Pods in namespace 'tenant-b' can access resources in namespace 'tenant-a' only if they have a label 'tier:gold'.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create NetworkPoIicy for 'tenant-a'.
2. Create NetworkP01iCY for 'tenant-b':
3. Apply the policies: bash kubectl apply -f tenant-a-policy.yaml kubectl apply -f tenant-b-policy.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 28
You are running a critical application in your Kubernetes cluster and want to minimize the attack surface by removing unnecessary features from the cluster- You need to identify and disable features that are not essential for your application.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Review Cluster Features: Analyze your cluster configuration and identity features that are not used by your critical application. This might include unnecessary network services, ingress controllers, or resource quotas.
2. Disable Unused Features:
- Network Services: You might disable or remove network services that are not required for your application's functionality. This could include removing unused NodePons or disabling unused Ingress controllers.
- Ingress Controllers: If you are not using Ingress controllers, disable them or remove the associated configuration.
- Resource Quotas: If you do not need resource quotas for your application, disable them.
- Other Features: You can disable other features like the dashboard, network policy enforcement, or other security features that you may not require.
3. Disable Unnecessary Components: Remove unused components or services that are not essential for your application.
4. Minimize Services Exposed to the Internet: Only expose the necessary services to the public internet and restrict access to other services to authorized users or applications.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Context: Cluster: gvisor Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context gvisor
Context: This cluster has been prepared to support runtime handler, runsc as well as traditional one.
Task: Create a RuntimeClass named not-trusted using the prepared runtime handler names runsc. Update all Pods in the namespace server to run on newruntime.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation
[desk@cli] $vim runtime.yaml
apiVersion: node.k8s.io/v1
kind: RuntimeClass
metadata:
name: not-trusted
handler: runsc
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f runtime.yaml [desk@cli] $ k get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-6798fc88e8-chp6r 1/1 Running 0 11m
nginx-6798fc88e8-fs53n 1/1 Running 0 11m
nginx-6798fc88e8-ndved 1/1 Running 0 11m
[desk@cli] $ k get deploy
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx 3/3 11 3 5m
[desk@cli] $ k edit deploy nginx
NEW QUESTION # 30
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster With various security measures in place. You have a deployment named 'my-apps that uses the default service account for its pods. To ensure that only authorized users can access the pods running in the 'my-app' deployment, implement a security policy that restricts access to tne pods based on user identity.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Pod Security Policy (PSP):
- Define a PSP named 'restricted-pod-access' that allows only authenticated users with specific permissions to access the pods.
- Use 'runAsUser' to specify that pods must run as a non-root user, 'readOnlyRootFilesystem' to prevent modifications to the root filesystem, and 'allowPrivilegeEscalations to disable privilege escalation.
2. Create a Role Binding: - Create a role binding named my-app-access-binding' that associates the 'my-app' deployment's service account with the 'restricted-pod-access' PSP.
3. Update the Deployment - Update the 'my-app' deployment to use the default service account and add the 'securityContext' to the 'podSpec' with the 'securityContext.pspName' set to 'restricted-pod-access'.
4. Test and Verify: - Verot that only authorized users with appropriate permissions can access pods in the 'my-app' deployment. - This step ensures that the security policy is correctly implemented and enforced.
NEW QUESTION # 31
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployments, Pods, bom Command Help bom-help
You must connect to the correct host. Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000035
Task
The alpine Deployment in the alpine namespace has three containers that run different versions of the alpine image.
First, find out which version of the alpine image contains the libcrypto3 package at version 3.1.4-r5.
Next, use the pre-installed bom tool to create an SPDX document for the identified image version at /home/candidate/alpine.spdx.
You can find the bom tool documentation at bom.
Finally, update the alpine Deployment and remove the container that uses the idenfied image version.
The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml.
Do not modify any other containers of the Deployment.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000035
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) List the 3 container names + images in the Deployment
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You'll get 3 lines like:
c1 alpine:3.xx
c2 alpine:3.yy
c3 alpine:3.zz
3) Identify which alpine image has libcrypto3 at 3.1.4-r5
Fastest reliable method (since it's Alpine, just query apk inside each image):
Run these one-by-one for each image you saw in step 2:
docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_1> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_2> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_3> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1'
✅ The correct image is the one that prints exactly:
libcrypto3-3.1.4-r5
Note that full image tag, e.g.:
IMG=alpine:3.xx
4) Create SPDX document with bom for that identified image
(Use the identified image from step 3.)
bom generate --image $IMG --format spdx --output /home/candidate/alpine.spdx Verify file exists:
ls -l /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
5) Remove ONLY the container that uses that image version
The manifest to edit is:
vi /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
In the spec.template.spec.containers: list, find the container entry whose image: equals the identified $IMG, and delete that one container block only (name/image/ports/etc for that container).
Save:
:wq
6) Apply the updated Deployment (do not change other containers)
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
Wait rollout:
kubectl -n alpine rollout status deployment/alpine
7) Verify only 2 containers remain
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You should now see 2 lines, and the $IMG line should be gone.
If bom generate ... errors (quick fix)
Check exact syntax on that system:
bom --help
bom generate --help
Then rerun with the flags it expects, keeping:
image = $IMG
output = /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
format = spdx
NEW QUESTION # 32
......
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