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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cloud Native Observability | 8% | - Monitoring & Metrics
|
| Topic 2: Container Orchestration | 22% | - Security & Troubleshooting
|
| Topic 3: Cloud Native Architecture | 16% | - Cloud Native Principles
|
| Topic 4: Kubernetes Fundamentals | 46% | - Kubernetes Core Concepts
|
| Topic 5: Cloud Native Application Delivery | 8% | - Delivery Models
|
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NEW QUESTION # 270
Which of the following cloud native proxies is used for ingress/egress in a service mesh and can also serve as an application gateway?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Envoy proxy is a cloud native, high-performance proxy commonly used as the data plane in service meshes for handling ingress and egress traffic, and it can also function as an application gateway by providing features such as routing, load balancing, observability, and security.
NEW QUESTION # 271
How many hosts are required to set up a highly available Kubernetes cluster when using an external etcd topology?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In a highly available (HA) Kubernetes control plane using an external etcd topology, you typically run three control plane nodes and three separate etcd nodes, totaling six hosts, making D correct. HA design relies on quorum-based consensus: etcd uses Raft and requires a majority of members available to make progress.
Running three etcd members is the common minimum for HA because it tolerates one member failure while maintaining quorum (2/3).
In the external etcd topology, etcd is decoupled from the control plane nodes. This separation improves fault isolation: if a control plane node fails or is replaced, etcd remains stable and independent; likewise, etcd maintenance can be handled separately. Kubernetes API servers (often multiple instances behind a load balancer) talk to the external etcd cluster for storage of cluster state.
Options A and B propose four hosts, but they break common HA/quorum best practices. Two etcd nodes do not form a robust quorum configuration (a two-member etcd cluster cannot tolerate a single failure without losing quorum). One control plane node is not HA for the API server/scheduler/controller-manager components. Option C describes a stacked etcd topology (control plane + etcd on same hosts), which can be HA with three hosts, but the question explicitly says external etcd, not stacked. In stacked topology, you often use three control plane nodes each running an etcd member. In external topology, you use three control plane + three etcd.
Operationally, external etcd topology is often used when you want dedicated resources, separate lifecycle management, or stronger isolation for the datastore. It can reduce blast radius but increases infrastructure footprint and operational complexity (TLS, backup/restore, networking). Still, for the canonical HA external- etcd pattern, the expected answer is six hosts: 3 control plane + 3 etcd.
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NEW QUESTION # 272
Ceph is a highly scalable distributed storage solution for block storage, object storage, and shared filesystems with years of production deployments. Which open-source cloud native storage orchestrator automates deployment and management of Ceph to provide self-managing, self-scaling, and self-healing storage services?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Rook is the open-source, cloud-native storage orchestrator specifically designed to automate the deployment, configuration, and lifecycle management of Ceph within Kubernetes environments. Its primary goal is to transform complex, traditionally manual storage systems like Ceph into Kubernetes-native services that are easy to operate and highly resilient.
Ceph itself is a mature and powerful distributed storage platform that supports block storage (RBD), object storage (RGW), and shared filesystems (CephFS). However, operating Ceph directly requires deep expertise, careful configuration, and continuous operational management. Rook addresses this challenge by running Ceph as a set of Kubernetes-managed components and exposing storage capabilities through Kubernetes Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs). This allows administrators to declaratively define storage clusters, pools, filesystems, and object stores using familiar Kubernetes patterns.
Rook continuously monitors the health of the Ceph cluster and takes automated actions to maintain the desired state. If a Ceph daemon fails or a node becomes unavailable, Rook works with Kubernetes scheduling and Ceph's internal replication mechanisms to ensure data durability and service continuity. This enables self- healing behavior. Scaling storage capacity is also simplified-adding nodes or disks allows Rook and Ceph to automatically rebalance data, providing self-scaling capabilities without manual intervention.
The other options are incorrect for this use case. CubeFS is a distributed filesystem but is not a Ceph orchestrator. OpenEBS focuses on container-attached storage and local or replicated volumes rather than managing Ceph itself. MinIO is an object storage server compatible with S3 APIs, but it does not orchestrate Ceph or provide block and filesystem services.
Therefore, the correct and verified answer is Option C: Rook, which is the officially recognized Kubernetes- native orchestrator for Ceph, delivering automated, resilient, and scalable storage management aligned with cloud-native principles.
NEW QUESTION # 273
Which of the following is a valid PromQL query?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 274
Which one of the following is an open source runtime security tool?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Falco. Falco is a widely used open-source runtime security tool (originally created by Sysdig and now a CNCF project) designed to detect suspicious behavior at runtime by monitoring system calls and other kernel-level signals. In Kubernetes environments, Falco helps identify threats such as unexpected shell access in containers, privilege escalation attempts, access to sensitive files, anomalous network tooling, crypto-mining patterns, and other behaviors that indicate compromise or policy violations.
The other options are not primarily "runtime security tools" in the detection/alerting sense:
* containerd is a container runtime responsible for executing containers; it's not a security detection tool.
* lxd is a system container and VM manager; again, not a runtime threat detection tool.
* gVisor is a sandboxed container runtime that improves isolation by interposing a user-space kernel; it's a security mechanism, but the question asks for a runtime security tool (monitoring/detection). Falco fits that definition best.
In cloud-native security practice, Falco typically runs as a DaemonSet so it can observe activity on every node. It uses rules to define what "bad" looks like and can emit alerts to SIEM systems, logging backends, or incident response workflows. This complements preventative controls like RBAC, Pod Security Admission, seccomp, and least privilege configurations. Preventative controls reduce risk; Falco provides visibility and detection when something slips through.
Therefore, among the provided choices, the verified runtime security tool is Falco (C).
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NEW QUESTION # 275
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