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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Applied Cryptography | - Cryptographic Best Practices - SSL/TLS Protocols - PGP and Email Encryption - VPN Security |
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Stream Ciphers - Key Management |
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - Cryptographic Terminology - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption |
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - RSA Algorithm - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography試題 <<
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問題 #61
(Which feature is characteristic of asymmetric encryption?)
答案：D
解題說明：
Asymmetric encryption is defined by using a key pair: a public key that can be shared widely and a private key that remains secret to its owner. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted with the other (in confidentiality use cases, encryption with the recipient's public key and decryption with the recipient's private key). This design solves key distribution challenges: anyone can encrypt to a recipient without first sharing a secret key securely. It also enables digital signatures, where the private key signs and the public key verifies-supporting authenticity and integrity. Option B describes symmetric cryptography, not asymmetric. Option C is not a defining property; both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms can involve rounds or repeated operations. Option D is incorrect because asymmetric encryption is reversible for the intended holder of the private key; "irreversible" describes hashing, not encryption. Therefore, the characteristic feature of asymmetric encryption is the use of both a public and private key.
問題 #62
(Why is lightweight cryptography important in modern information security?)
答案：D
解題說明：
Lightweight cryptography is important because many modern systems operate in constrained environments- IoT sensors, embedded controllers, wearables, and mobile devices-where CPU, memory, storage, bandwidth, and battery power are limited. Traditional "heavy" cryptographic suites may be too slow, too energy-intensive, or too large in code footprint for these platforms, leading to insecure workarounds or disabling security entirely. Lightweight cryptographic primitives and profiles are designed to deliver strong security properties (confidentiality and integrity, often via AEAD) while fitting within tight resource budgets and real-time constraints. This is essential as IoT and mobile ecosystems expand, increasing the attack surface and the consequences of compromised devices (botnets, surveillance, physical safety risks). Lightweight cryptography is not meant to "limit encryption tools" or complicate protection; it enables practical, deployable security where otherwise implementations might be weak or absent. High-speed network communication can benefit from efficient crypto too, but the defining modern driver is constrained-device security. Therefore, the correct reason is addressing the security needs of IoT devices and mobile applications.
問題 #63
(Why should an asymmetric private key be used to encrypt the digest of an application?)
答案：A
解題說明：
Digital signing of software typically works by hashing the application (or its manifest) and then using the publisher's private key to create a digital signature over that digest. The private key is used because it is secret and uniquely controlled by the publisher; only the publisher should be able to produce a valid signature. Verifiers (customers) use the publisher's public key to validate the signature and confirm that the digest matches the software they received. This yields two key properties: integrity (the software hasn't been altered; any modification changes the digest and breaks verification) and authenticity (the signature proves it came from the private-key holder). Option A incorrectly describes symmetric stream encryption. Option C incorrectly generalizes private-key behavior as "block encryption." Option D is wrong because verification uses the public key, not a private key; also,
"encrypting with private key" in this context is better understood as signing, not confidentiality encryption. Therefore, the correct rationale is that the asymmetric private key is used to sign the file's digest so the corresponding public key can verify integrity and authenticity.
問題 #64
(Which encryption algorithm uses an 80-bit key and operates on 64-bit data blocks?)
答案：C
解題說明：
Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher historically associated with the Clipper chip initiative. Its defining parameters match the question: it operates on 64-bit blocks and uses an 80-bit key. The other options do not fit those exact sizes. Twofish is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes up to 256 bits. Blowfish is a 64-bit block cipher, but its key size is variable from 32 up to 448 bits and is not fixed at 80 bits as a defining property.
Camellia is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Skipjack's smaller key size and legacy design make it unsuitable for modern security needs, but the question is purely about identifying the algorithm that matches an 80-bit key and 64-bit blocks. Therefore, the correct answer is Skipjack.
問題 #65
(What is an alternative to using a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) with certificates?)
答案：B
解題說明：
OCSP is the primary online alternative to CRLs for checking whether a certificate has been revoked.
With a CRL, a relying party periodically downloads a list of revoked certificate serial numbers published by the issuing CA (or CRL distribution point). That approach can be bandwidth-heavy, introduces latency between revocation and client awareness, and can result in clients using stale revocation data if updates are infrequent. OCSP improves this by allowing a client (or a server on the client's behalf) to query an OCSP responder in near real time about the status of a specific certificate (good, revoked, or unknown). In practice, many TLS deployments use OCSP stapling, where the server periodically fetches a signed OCSP response from the CA's responder and "staples" it to the TLS handshake, reducing client-side network calls and improving privacy (the CA doesn't learn which site the client is visiting). Thus, OCSP provides a more timely, certificate-specific revocation status mechanism than CRLs while preserving the CA's signed assurance.
問題 #66
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