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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Storage | 10% | - Storage classes - PersistentVolumes and PersistentVolumeClaims |
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Scheduling constraints - ConfigMaps and Secrets - Deployments and rolling updates |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Cluster component troubleshooting - Application and networking debugging |
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Cluster installation and configuration - Kubernetes architecture components - High availability setup |
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Network policies - Services (ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer) - Ingress configuration |
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NEW QUESTION # 59
You have a Deployment named 'web-app' with 3 replicas running a Flask application. You need to implement a rolling update strategy that ensures only one pod is unavailable at any time. Additionally, you need to implement a strategy to handle the update process when the pod's resource requests exceed the available resources.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML:
- Update the 'replicas' to 2.
- Define 'maxUnavailable: 1' and 'maxSurge: 0' in the 'strategy.rollingUpdate' section to control the rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy.type" to 'RollingUpdate" to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.
- Add a 'spec.template.spec.resources' section to define resource requests for the pod.
- Set 'spec.template.spec.restartPolicy' to 'OnFailure' for the pod to restart when it fails.
2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f web-app.yaml' 3. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments web-app' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Update the 'web-app' image in the Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=web-app' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. You will observe that one pod is terminated at a time, while one new pod with the updated image is created. 6. Handle Resource Exceedance: - If the pod's resource requests exceed the available resources, the pod will be evicted and restarted. The 'restartPolicy' ensures that the pod restarts automatically upon failure. 7. Check for Successful Update: - Once the deployment is complete, use 'kubectl describe deployment web-app' to see that the 'updatedReplicas' field matches the 'replicas' field, indicating a successful update.
NEW QUESTION # 60
Create a persistent volume with name app-data, of capacity 2Gi and access mode ReadWriteMany. The type of volume is hostPath and its location is /srv/app-data.
Answer:
Explanation:
Persistent Volume
A persistent volume is a piece of storage in a Kubernetes cluster. PersistentVolumes are a cluster-level resource like nodes, which don't belong to any namespace. It is provisioned by the administrator and has a particular file size. This way, a developer deploying their app on Kubernetes need not know the underlying infrastructure. When the developer needs a certain amount of persistent storage for their application, the system administrator configures the cluster so that they consume the PersistentVolume provisioned in an easy way.
Creating Persistent Volume
kind: PersistentVolume
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name:app-data
spec:
capacity: # defines the capacity of PV we are creating
storage: 2Gi #the amount of storage we are tying to claim
accessModes: # defines the rights of the volume we are creating
- ReadWriteMany
hostPath:
path: "/srv/app-data" # path to which we are creating the volume
Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume named app-data, with access mode ReadWriteMany, storage classname shared, 2Gi of storage capacity and the host path /srv/app-data.
2. Save the file and create the persistent volume.
Image for post
3. View the persistent volume.
* Our persistent volume status is available meaning it is available and it has not been mounted yet. This status will change when we mount the persistentVolume to a persistentVolumeClaim.
PersistentVolumeClaim
In a real ecosystem, a system admin will create the PersistentVolume then a developer will create a PersistentVolumeClaim which will be referenced in a pod. A PersistentVolumeClaim is created by specifying the minimum size and the access mode they require from the persistentVolume.
Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume Claim that requests the Persistent Volume we had created above. The claim should request 2Gi. Ensure that the Persistent Volume Claim has the same storageClassName as the persistentVolume you had previously created.
kind: PersistentVolume
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name:app-data
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 2Gi
storageClassName: shared
2. Save and create the pvc
njerry191@cloudshell:~ (extreme-clone-2654111)$ kubect1 create -f app-data.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/app-data created
3. View the pvc
Image for post
4. Let's see what has changed in the pv we had initially created.
Image for post
Our status has now changed from available to bound.
5. Create a new pod named myapp with image nginx that will be used to Mount the Persistent Volume Claim with the path /var/app/config.
Mounting a Claim
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: app-data
spec:
volumes:
- name:congigpvc
persistenVolumeClaim:
claimName: app-data
containers:
- image: nginx
name: app
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: "/srv/app-data "
name: configpvc
NEW QUESTION # 61
You have a Deployment named 'postgres-deployment' running a PostgreSQL database server. You need to configure the PostgreSQL server with a specific configuration file stored in a ConfigMap named postgres-config'. The configuration file includes sensitive information like the PostgreSQL superuser password. How can you securely store and mount this sensitive information without compromising security?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create the ConfigMap:
- Create a ConfigMap named 'postgres-config' containing the PostgreSQL configuration file (e.g., postgresql.conf). This file will likely contain the superuser password as a plain-text value. Create the ConfigMap using 'kubectl create configmap' with the '--from-file' flag:
kubectl create configmap postgres-config --from-file=postgresql.conf
2. Use a Secret for Sensitive Data:
- Create a Secret named postgres-password' to securely store the PostgreSQL superuser password. Use
'kubectl create secret generic' with the '--from-literal' flag:
kubectl create secret generic postgres-password --from-literal=postgres-password="your_postgres_password"
3. Modify the ConfigMap:
- Update the 'postgres-config' ConfigMap by replacing the plain-text password in the 'postgresql.conf with a placeholder or environment variable reference. This prevents the password from being exposed in plain text in the ConfigMap:
kubectl patch configmap postgres-config -p '{"data": {"postgresql.conf": "password =
'$POSTGRES PASSWORD' "}}'
4. Configure the Deployment:
- Modify the 'postgres-deployment' Deployment to mount both the 'postgres-config' ConfigMap and 'postgres- password' Secret as volumes in the Pod template. Use 'volumeMounts' to specify the mount paths and 'volumes' to define the volume sources:
5. Apply the Changes: - Apply the modified Deployment YAML using 'kubectl apply -f postgres-deployment.yamr. 6. Verify the Configuration: - Verify that the PostgreSQL container is using the secure password from the Secret by connecting to the PostgreSQL instance and attempting to authenticate. ]
NEW QUESTION # 62
Create a busybox pod and add "sleep 3600" command
Answer:
Explanation:
kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c "sleep 3600"
NEW QUESTION # 63
Create a pod that echo "hello world" and then exists. Have the pod deleted automatically when it's completed See the solution below.
Answer:
Explanation:
kubectl run busybox --image=busybox -it --rm --restart=Never --
/bin/sh -c 'echo hello world'
kubectl get po # You shouldn't see pod with the name "busybox"
NEW QUESTION # 64
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