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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Key Management - Stream Ciphers - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) |
| Applied Cryptography | - SSL/TLS Protocols - PGP and Email Encryption - VPN Security - Cryptographic Best Practices |
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - RSA Algorithm |
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology - History and Evolution of Cryptography |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors |
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NEW QUESTION # 93
(What is a component of a one-time password (OTP) that is needed to guess future iterations of passwords?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
OTP systems (such as HOTP and TOTP) generate a sequence of passwords using a shared secret and a moving factor (counter or time). The critical secret that underpins the ability to compute past or future OTP values is the seed (also called the shared secret key). In HOTP, the seed is used with an HMAC function and an incrementing counter; in TOTP, the seed is used with HMAC and a time-step value. If an attacker obtains the seed and knows the algorithm and moving factor, they can compute future OTPs. The "function" and "encryption algorithm" are typically standardized and public; security relies on keeping the seed secret. An initialization vector is not a standard OTP component in HOTP
/TOTP generation. Therefore, the component needed to predict future OTP values is the seed.
Protecting the seed is essential: it should be stored securely (e.g., hardware token secure storage) and transmitted only through controlled provisioning processes. If compromised, OTP becomes predictable and no longer serves as a strong second factor.
NEW QUESTION # 94
(Which type of encryption is Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) considered to be?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
AES is a symmetric-key block cipher, meaning the same shared secret key is used for both encryption and decryption. It operates on fixed-size 128-bit blocks and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits. Being symmetric, AES is efficient and well-suited for encrypting large volumes of data-files, disk encryption, VPN payloads, and bulk traffic in protocols like TLS once a session key is established. AES is not "hybrid" by itself; hybrid encryption refers to combining asymmetric cryptography (for key exchange or key wrapping) with symmetric cryptography (for bulk data encryption), and AES often plays the symmetric part of that hybrid design. It is not "quantum encryption," which is a separate, loosely used term sometimes referring to quantum key distribution or quantum-resistant algorithms. AES is also not asymmetric; it does not use public
/private key pairs. Therefore, AES is correctly classified as symmetric encryption, matching option D.
NEW QUESTION # 95
(Which cipher uses shifting letters of the alphabet for encryption?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
The Caesar cipher is the classic substitution cipher that encrypts by shifting letters of the alphabet by a fixed number of positions (e.g., shift by 3: A#D, B#E, etc.). It is a monoalphabetic cipher because a single shift value is applied uniformly across the entire message, making it simple and vulnerable to frequency analysis and brute force (only 25 meaningful shifts in the Latin alphabet). Vigenere also involves shifting, but it uses a repeating keyword to vary the shift per character (polyalphabetic), whereas the question's phrasing typically points to the fundamental "shift cipher," which is Caesar. SHA-1 is a cryptographic hash function, not a cipher. Bifid is a fractionation cipher combining Polybius square coordinates and transposition, not a direct shifting method. Therefore, the cipher that uses shifting letters of the alphabet for encryption is the Caesar cipher.
NEW QUESTION # 96
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
In a public key infrastructure, trust in a certificate ultimately depends on the relying party's trust anchor set-typically the root CA certificates preinstalled in a customer's browser/OS trust store. For customers to accept the company's certificate as legitimate, the buyer (customer) must trust the root CA public key (or an intermediate chained to it) so they can validate the certificate chain and signatures. The seller (the company) also must trust and rely on the root CA public key to build and present a valid chain and to make operational decisions based on that CA's issuance and revocation mechanisms; practically, the seller selects a CA whose root is widely trusted by customers. The cloud provider's trust is not what makes the certificate valid to customers; the provider may terminate TLS or pass traffic through, but customer validation is based on the chain to a trusted root. Government agencies like the FTC are not part of the cryptographic trust path for TLS certificate validation.
Therefore, among the given options, the correct pairing is the seller and the buyer, reflecting both the issuer selection/usage by the company and the relying-party validation by customers.
NEW QUESTION # 97
(How are limits managed for the number of bitcoins that can be created and stored in a blockchain?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Bitcoin's supply is controlled by protocol rules enforced by consensus: new bitcoins enter circulation through the block subsidy awarded to miners for producing valid blocks. This subsidy is programmed to halve at fixed intervals (every 210,000 blocks), which steadily reduces the rate of new coin creation over time and asymptotically approaches a capped total supply (commonly cited as 21 million BTC).
This mechanism is often called the halving schedule and is the primary way limits are managed. The number of participants is not fixed; anyone can run a node or mine. There is no per-country cap and no per-person maximum enforced by the protocol-addresses and ownership are not limited that way. The supply cap emerges from the decreasing issuance schedule combined with consensus validation rules that reject blocks creating coins beyond what the schedule allows. Therefore, the correct answer is that limits are managed because rewards for mining reduce over time.
NEW QUESTION # 98
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