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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle |
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Principles and operation - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - HMAC construction and application - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
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NEW QUESTION # 43
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key 3DES uses two 56- bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here. A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
NEW QUESTION # 44
(Which number of bits gets encrypted each time encryption is applied during stream encryption?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
In the classical definition, a stream cipher encrypts data in very small units-often described as one bit at a time-by combining plaintext with a keystream (commonly via XOR). While many practical stream ciphers operate on bytes or words for efficiency, the conceptual distinction compared to block ciphers is that stream encryption processes data as a continuous stream rather than fixed-size blocks.
This is why the standard teaching answer is "1 bit" per application of the keystream. Block ciphers, by contrast, encrypt blocks like 64 bits (DES/3DES) or 128 bits (AES) in each invocation of the block primitive. Options like 40, 192, and 256 are not typical stream cipher "per-step" processing sizes; 40 and 256 are often associated with key sizes, and 192 could be a key size for AES, not an encryption granularity. The essential security requirement for stream ciphers is that the keystream must be unpredictable and never reused with the same key/nonce combination; otherwise XOR properties allow attackers to recover relationships between plaintexts. Thus, the best answer is 1.
NEW QUESTION # 45
(What is a digital signature?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
A digital signature is a cryptographic mechanism that enables a recipient to verify who created a message (authenticity) and that the message has not been altered (integrity). It is typically built using asymmetric cryptography: the signer uses a private key to sign a hash (digest) of the message, producing a signature.
Anyone with the signer's public key can verify that the signature matches the message digest, confirming the signature was created by the corresponding private key and that the content remains unchanged. Digital signatures do not primarily provide confidentiality; the signed message may still be readable unless separately encrypted. They also support nonrepudiation in many operational contexts because a valid signature can be strong evidence that the private key holder authorized the signed data, assuming key protection and policy controls. Common digital signature algorithms include RSA-PSS, ECDSA, and EdDSA. Certificates (X.509) are often used to bind public keys to identities, allowing verifiers to trust the claimed signer. Therefore, the best definition is a technique to verify authenticity and integrity.
NEW QUESTION # 46
(Which wireless security standard uses an authentication server with 802.1X and EAP?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
802.1X is a port-based network access control framework that enables centralized authentication using an authentication server (commonly RADIUS). EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) runs within 802.1X to support many credential types (password-based methods like PEAP, certificate-based methods like EAP-TLS, and others). WPA-Enterprise is the wireless security mode that explicitly uses 802.1X + EAP with an authentication server to perform per-user/per-device authentication and to derive dynamic session keys. By contrast, WPA-PSK uses a pre-shared key without an external authentication server; all users share the same PSK, which is weaker for enterprise identity management. WEP is an older mechanism using static keys and does not provide modern 802.1X/EAP enterprise authentication in the WPA-Enterprise sense. TKIP is an encryption/integrity protocol used under WPA, not the full authentication "standard" involving an authentication server. Therefore, the correct choice is WPA-Enterprise.
NEW QUESTION # 47
(A security analyst uses a polyalphabetic substitution cipher with a keyword of YELLOW to encrypt a message. Which cipher should be used to encrypt the message?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses multiple substitution alphabets rather than a single fixed mapping.
The classic cipher that uses a keyword to select shifting alphabets across the message is the Vigenere cipher.
In Vigenere, each plaintext letter is shifted by an amount determined by the corresponding key letter (repeating the keyword as needed). For example, a keyword like "YELLOW" is aligned under the plaintext; each key character defines a Caesar shift (A=0, B=1, ...) applied to the plaintext character, producing ciphertext. This rotation of alphabets across positions makes Vigenere more resistant to simple frequency analysis than monoalphabetic substitution, because the same plaintext letter may encrypt to different ciphertext letters depending on its position relative to the key. The Pigpen cipher is a symbol substitution cipher, Caesar is monoalphabetic with a single shift, and Playfair is a digraph substitution cipher using a 5×5 key square, not the repeating-key polyalphabetic method described. Therefore, the correct cipher is Vigenere.
NEW QUESTION # 48
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