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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Regression and Correlation | - Relationship analysis
|
| Topic 2: Statistical Inference | - Estimation
|
| Topic 3: Descriptive Statistics | - Data summarization
|
| Topic 4: Probability | - Probability rules
|
| Topic 5: Probability Distributions | - Continuous distributions
|
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NEW QUESTION # 151
Null hypothesis for a new drug shows no effect. True statement?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The null hypothesis represents the default claim or baseline assumption in hypothesis testing. For a new drug, a typical null hypothesis states that the drug has no effect, no difference from placebo, or no improvement over the existing standard. The testing process begins by assuming the null hypothesis is true, then evaluates whether the sample evidence is strong enough to reject it. Therefore, the correct statement is that researchers assume no effect until evidence suggests otherwise. This does not mean the drug is proven ineffective; it means the burden of evidence lies with demonstrating an effect. Option B is the alternative hypothesis, not the null. Option C overstates the conclusion because failing to reject the null does not prove the drug has no effect. Option D is false because this type of claim is testable using experimental data and statistical inference.
Study Guide references/topics: null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, hypothesis testing, statistical evidence.
NEW QUESTION # 152
Empirical probability = ?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Empirical probability is probability determined from observed data rather than from a purely theoretical model. It is calculated by dividing the number of times an event actually occurs by the total number of trials or observations. For example, if a basketball player makes 72 free throws in 100 attempts, the empirical probability of a made free throw is 72/100 = 0.72. This differs from theoretical probability, which is derived from known equally likely outcomes, such as rolling a 3 on a fair six-sided die. It also differs from a guess or subjective estimate because empirical probability requires actual recorded evidence. The term "uniform" describes a distribution in which outcomes or intervals have equal probability, not the basis for empirical probability. Since the question asks for the definition of empirical probability, the correct selection is observed data. Study Guide references/topics: empirical probability, relative frequency, observed outcomes, probability interpretation.
NEW QUESTION # 153
A dataset: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. Variance = ?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Variance measures the average squared distance of data values from the mean. For the dataset 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, the mean is (2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10) ÷ 5 = 30 ÷ 5 = 6. The deviations from the mean are #4, #2, 0, 2, and 4.
Squaring these deviations gives 16, 4, 0, 4, and 16. The sum of squared deviations is 40. Using the sample variance formula, divide by n # 1, where n = 5. Thus, sample variance = 40 ÷ 4 = 10. Option A is correct.
Option C, 6.25, does not result from the standard sample variance computation for these values. The important distinction is whether a problem is using sample variance or population variance; the provided answer set and calculation use the sample variance formula. Study Guide references/topics: variance, mean, squared deviations, sample variance.
NEW QUESTION # 154
Probability of drawing red or black card = ?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In a standard deck of playing cards, every card is either red or black. Red cards consist of hearts and diamonds, and black cards consist of clubs and spades. There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards, for a total of 52 cards. The event "red or black" includes all possible cards in the deck. Therefore, the probability is 52 favorable outcomes out of 52 total outcomes, which equals 1. A probability of 1 means the event is certain.
Option B, 1/2, would be the probability of drawing a red card alone or a black card alone, not red or black.
Option C would mean the event is impossible, which is false. Option D would correspond to one suit out of four, such as hearts only. The word "or" combines both color categories, covering the entire sample space.
Study Guide references/topics: sample space, certainty, addition rule, card probability.
NEW QUESTION # 155
There are 20 men in a room whose heights are reflected in inches as 68, 70, 73, 67, 71, 68, 76, 70, 73, 66, 68,
69, 71, 74, 73, 72, 65, 60, 70, and 78 inches respectively.
What is the median of these data?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The median is the middle value of an ordered data set. Because there are 20 observations, the number of data values is even, so the median is the average of the 10th and 11th values after the data are arranged from least to greatest. Ordering the heights gives 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 68, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 71, 71, 72, 73, 73, 73, 74, 76,
78. The 10th value is 70, and the 11th value is also 70. The median is therefore (70 + 70) ÷ 2 = 70. This value divides the ordered heights into two equal halves: ten values are at or below 70, and ten values are at or above
70. The median is resistant to extreme values, so the low value 60 and the high value 78 do not distort it the way they could affect the mean. References/topics from the Study Guide: median, ordered data, measures of center, quantitative data.
NEW QUESTION # 156
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