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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Managerial Accounting for Decision Making | - Cost Behavior
|
| Topic 2: Business Decision Support | - Performance Measurement
|
| Topic 3: Financial Accounting Fundamentals | - Accounting Principles
|
>> Accounting-for-Decision-Makers参考書内容 <<
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質問 # 24
A company has three product lines and has historically used the traditional costing system to allocate overhead costs to each product line. Due to significant differences in the production processes for the three product lines, the company implemented an activity-based costing study and identified the activity-based cost for each product, as shown in the following table.
Product A
Product B
Product C
Traditional cost per unit
$558
$1,375
$1,211
Activity-based cost per unit
$675
$1,585
$1,350
Selling price per unit
$650
$1,450
$1,300
What do these data points reveal about the selling price of this company's products?
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is C. The selling price should increase for all three products . The key point of activity- based costing (ABC) is that it often gives a more accurate view of overhead consumption than traditional costing, especially when products differ significantly in production complexity. ABC is designed to provide more precise overhead assignment by using multiple cost drivers.
Compare each product's selling price with its activity-based cost per unit :
Product A: Selling price $650, ABC cost $675 # underpriced by $25
Product B: Selling price $1,450, ABC cost $1,585 # underpriced by $135
Product C: Selling price $1,300, ABC cost $1,350 # underpriced by $50
All three products have selling prices below their ABC-based unit costs. That means each product appears to be priced too low if the ABC study more accurately reflects the resources consumed. Therefore, each product' s selling price should be reconsidered upward.
This question illustrates why companies adopt ABC in the first place: traditional costing can hide cross- subsidization among products, while ABC can reveal that multiple product lines are actually less profitable than previously believed. Therefore, Option C is correct.
質問 # 25
Which two costs would be used to calculate inventory overhead?
Choose 2 answers.
正解：B、C
解説：
The correct answers are A. Factory electricity costs and C. Production employee benefits . Inventory overhead, more commonly called manufacturing overhead , includes indirect production costs incurred in the factory that cannot be traced directly to a specific unit of output. Factory utilities such as electricity used to run production equipment are standard manufacturing overhead items, and production-related employee benefits are also part of factory overhead when they relate to manufacturing personnel rather than direct administrative staff. AccountingCoach lists factory electricity and factory personnel costs other than direct labor as examples of manufacturing overhead.
Option B. Administrative office electricity costs and D. Administrative employee benefits are not inventory overhead. They are period costs or administrative expenses because they relate to general office operations rather than production. Inventory costs include those necessary to bring goods to a saleable condition, while administrative costs are expensed in the period incurred. Therefore, the two costs that belong in inventory overhead are the factory-related utility cost and the production-related employee benefit cost.
That makes A and C the correct answers.
質問 # 26
What are two examples of product costs?
Choose 2 answers.
正解：C、D
解説：
The correct answers are B. Direct labor and D. Raw materials . Product costs are the costs incurred to manufacture or acquire a product that will be sold. In a manufacturing setting, product costs normally include direct materials (raw materials) , direct labor , and manufacturing overhead . Corporate Finance Institute summarizes product costs as including direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
Option A. Selling and administrative expenses is incorrect because those are period costs , not product costs. Option C. Period expenses is also incorrect for the same reason. Period costs are expensed in the period incurred and are not attached to inventory production. Lumen Learning similarly distinguishes product costs from period costs by explaining that product costs include direct materials, direct labor, and overhead, while selling and administrative expenses are period costs.
Because the question asks for two examples of costs directly associated with making a product, the best answers are Direct labor and Raw materials . These are core manufacturing inputs and become part of inventory until the goods are sold.
質問 # 27
Which user group of financial statements evaluates the ability to repay loans?
正解：D
解説：
The correct answer is C. Lenders because lenders use financial statements primarily to assess whether a company can repay borrowed money and meet interest and principal obligations. They focus heavily on liquidity, solvency, debt levels, and cash-generating ability before deciding whether to extend credit or approve loans. Accounting learning materials note that lenders often study ratios and financial statement relationships to determine whether a company can cover short-term and long-term obligations.
Management does use financial statements, but mainly for planning, controlling, and decision-making inside the business. Investors are more focused on profitability, growth, dividends, and return on investment.
Suppliers may review financial information when offering trade credit, but the group most directly concerned with the company's ability to repay loans is lenders. In practical terms, lenders analyze items such as current assets, current liabilities, total liabilities, operating cash flow, and interest coverage to judge repayment capacity. That makes them the user group most closely linked to evaluating loan repayment ability. Therefore, among the four options given, Lenders is the most accurate and best-supported answer from accounting theory and financial statement analysis.
質問 # 28
Which two items increase net income?
Choose 2 answers.
正解：A、B
解説：
The correct answers are C. Interest income and D. Gain on sale of assets . Net income increases when revenues and gains increase, while it decreases when expenses and losses increase. Interest income is a type of revenue or other income that adds to earnings. Gain on sale of assets also increases net income because it represents the amount by which proceeds from the sale exceed the asset's carrying value. OpenStax notes that the income statement includes revenues, expenses, gains, and losses in measuring financial performance.
Option A. Income tax expense decreases net income because it is an expense. Option B. Cost of sales also decreases net income because it is a major operating expense deducted in arriving at gross profit and ultimately net income. Gains and interest income improve profitability, whereas expenses reduce it. This distinction is fundamental in preparing and interpreting the income statement. Therefore, the two items that increase net income are Interest income and Gain on sale of assets , making C and D the correct answers.
質問 # 29
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