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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Multimodal AI Systems | - Multimodal model design - Cross-modal learning
|
| Responsible and Trustworthy AI | - Ethical AI principles - Bias and safety considerations |
| NVIDIA AI Ecosystem | - NVIDIA tools and frameworks
|
| Generative AI Concepts | - Generative models
|
| Core AI and Machine Learning Fundamentals | - Machine learning basics
|
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NEW QUESTION # 53
You have trained a text-to-image diffusion model. During inference, you notice that the generated images often lack fine-grained details and appear blurry. Which of the following techniques could you apply to improve the image quality without retraining the model?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Increasing the number of diffusion steps during sampling allows the model to refine the generated image more thoroughly, leading to finer details and reduced blurriness. The guidance scale controls how closely the generated image adheres to the input text prompt; increasing it typically improves adherence but can sometimes reduce diversity. Batch size primarily affects computational efficiency. Reducing the learning rate is relevant during training, not inference. Adding model layers requires retraining.
NEW QUESTION # 54
You are designing a IJ-Net architecture for semantic segmentation of medical images. Your input images are 512x512 with 3 channels.
You want to ensure the final output segmentation map is also 512x512. Which of the following design choices are crucial for achieving this resolution, considering the downsampling and upsampling stages?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Maintaining the same resolution in IJ-Net requires symmetric downsampling and upsampling and the crucial use of skip connections. These connections pass feature maps from the downsampling (encoder) path to the corresponding layers in the upsampling (decoder) path, allowing the decoder to recover spatial information lost during downsampling. Option A omits skip connections. Option C's nearest neighbor interpolation can lead to blocky artifacts. Option D describes a bottleneck optimization unrelated to output resolution. Option E is about training parameters.
NEW QUESTION # 55
Consider a scenario where you are evaluating the performance of a multimodal A1 model that generates descriptions for images. However, the generated descriptions tend to be repetitive and lack diversity. Which of the following techniques can be employed to address this issue and encourage more diverse and creative outputs from the model? (Select TWO)
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
Nucleus sampling (top-p sampling) randomly samples from the smallest set of words whose cumulative probability mass exceeds a threshold p, encouraging more diverse outputs. Increasing the temperature scaling parameter makes the probability distribution flatter, leading to more exploration and less predictable (more creative) outputs. Beam search with a small beam width might still result in repetitive outputs. Increasing the training data size can help, but it might not directly address the lack of diversity. Greedy decoding always selects the most probable word, leading to repetitive and predictable outputs.
NEW QUESTION # 56
You are working on a project that involves generating music from video. The approach uses a pre-trained video encoder and a pre- trained music decoder. You find that the generated music often lacks a clear connection to the visual content of the video. To improve the coherence between the video and the generated music, which of the following steps would be the MOST effective? (Select TWO)
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Cross-modal attention (B) allows the model to explicitly learn relationships between visual and musical features. End-to-end fine- tuning with a suitable loss function (D) encourages the model to learn a coherent mapping between the two modalities. Training the encoders and decoders separately won't necessarily improve coherence. Generating from random noise defeats the purpose. Limiting video length may reduce complexity but doesn't fundamentally address the alignment problem.
NEW QUESTION # 57
Which metric is commonly used for evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Word Error Rate is the standard evaluation metric for ASR systems. It measures the edit distance between the model's transcription and a human reference transcript, computed as (Substitutions + Deletions + Insertions) / Number of reference words, expressed as a percentage. Lower WER indicates better transcription accuracy.
Its character-level analogue, Character Error Rate (CER), is used for languages without clear word boundaries or for morphologically complex languages.
The distractors target common confusions: CTC (Connectionist Temporal Classification) Loss (A) is a
*training* objective used to align variable-length audio input with variable-length text output in ASR models like DeepSpeech - it optimizes the model but is not itself a post-hoc evaluation metric on held-out accuracy.
F1 Score (B) evaluates classification tasks with defined positive/negative classes, such as keyword spotting or wake-word detection, not full transcription. Mean Opinion Score (C) is a subjective, human-rated metric used to evaluate speech *synthesis* quality (TTS) or perceived audio naturalness - the inverse task of ASR - not transcription accuracy.
On NVIDIA's Riva and NeMo ASR pipelines, WER is the benchmark reported against datasets like LibriSpeech, and it remains the figure typically referenced in the exam's Multimodal Data and Experimentation domains when discussing speech model evaluation.
Reference: Multimodal Data domain - ASR evaluation metrics (WER, CER) vs. TTS metrics (MOS).
NEW QUESTION # 58
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