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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Introduction to Digital Forensics | - Types of digital evidence and forensic readiness - Fundamentals of digital forensics and investigation process |
| Topic 2: Malware and Incident Investigation | - Malware identification and analysis basics - Incident response procedures and reporting |
| Topic 3: Digital Evidence Handling and Legal Aspects | - Legal and ethical considerations in forensics - Chain of custody and evidence integrity |
| Topic 4: Windows and Disk Forensics | - Windows artifacts and registry analysis - Disk imaging and analysis techniques |
| Topic 5: Network Forensics | - Network traffic analysis - Packet capture and log analysis |
| Topic 6: Computer Forensics Fundamentals | - File systems and data storage concepts - Evidence acquisition and preservation techniques |
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NEW QUESTION # 52
Bob, a forensic specialist at a newly established NGO, discovered a security loophole in the NGO's web application, which unintentionally reveals early enrolled NGO members' biodata to attackers. Bob immediately employed a content filtering mechanism to protect all the NGO's data sources and prevent further damage.
Identify the web application threat identified by Bob in the above scenario.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The scenario describes a web application thatunintentionally reveals sensitive member biodatato attackers.
This is a classic case ofinformation leakage, where confidential or private data becomes exposed due to poor access control, improper output handling, verbose error messages, misconfigured endpoints, insecure direct object references, or unintended exposure through pages, APIs, backups, or logs. In forensic and web security documentation, information leakage is defined by theunauthorized disclosure of data, even if the attacker does not alter the system. The key indicator here is that the application is "revealing" biodata-meaning confidentiality is breached.
Bob's response-using acontent filtering mechanism-also aligns with mitigating data exposure. Content filtering can prevent sensitive fields from being returned, mask personally identifiable information, restrict responses based on user role, and sanitize outputs before they leave the server.
The other options do not match the described impact.Buffer overflowis a low-level memory corruption vulnerability, typically associated with native code execution rather than accidental biodata exposure.
Authentication hijackinginvolves taking over sessions/credentials, andcookie poisoninginvolves manipulating cookie values to gain privileges or alter behavior-neither is explicitly indicated. Therefore, the identified threat isInformation leakage (B).
NEW QUESTION # 53
Below are the various steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Keep an incident response team ready to review the incident and preserve the evidence.
Create a process for documenting the procedure.
Identify the potential evidence required for an incident.
Determine the sources of evidence.
Establish a legal advisory board to guide the investigation process.
Identify if the incident requires full or formal investigation.
Establish a policy for securely handling and storing the collected evidence.
Define a policy that determines the pathway to legally extract electronic evidence with minimal disruption.
Identify the correct sequence of steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Forensic readiness planning focuses on ensuring an organization canlegally, efficiently, and reliablycollect usable digital evidence before an incident occurs. The planning sequence typically begins by definingwhat evidence would be neededto support likely incidents (3) and then mappingwhere that evidence residesacross systems, services, logs, endpoints, and network components (4). Once evidence needs and sources are known, readiness requires alegally compliant extraction pathwaythat minimizes business disruption and prevents evidence contamination (8). After defining extraction, an organization must formalizesecure handling and storage policies(chain of custody, access control, retention, integrity protection) so collected evidence remains admissible and trustworthy (7).
With those foundations in place, the organization can define decision criteria forwhen an event becomes a formal investigationand triggers deeper forensic procedures (6). A structureddocumentation processis then set so actions taken during acquisition and analysis are repeatable and defensible (2). Governance is reinforced by establishinglegal oversight/advisory supportto ensure compliance with jurisdictional requirements and internal policy (5). Finally, the plan is operationalized by ensuring anincident response team is preparedto preserve evidence promptly when incidents occur (1). Hence,3#4#8#7#6#2#5#1is the correct sequence.
NEW QUESTION # 54
Harry, a security professional, was hired to identify the details of an attack that was initiated on a Windows system. In this process, Harry decided to check the logs of currently running applications and the information related to previously uninstalled or removed applications for suspicious events.
Which of the following folders in a Windows system stores information on applications run on the system?
Answer: A
Explanation:
On Windows systems, thePrefetchfeature records execution-related artifacts to speed up subsequent program launches. When an executable is run, Windows often creates a.pf prefetch fileinC:\Windows\Prefetchthat contains valuable forensic indicators such as the executable name (mapped into the prefetch filename), last run time(s) (depending on Windows version), run count (in many versions), and a list of files and directories referenced during startup. Because these artifacts can persist even after an application is lateruninstalled or deleted, investigators commonly use the Prefetch directory to demonstrate that a program executed on a host and to help build timelines around suspicious activity. This is especially useful in intrusion investigations for identifying the execution of attacker tools, droppers, scripts launched via interpreters, or renamed binaries.
The other options are not standard repositories for program execution history.C:\Windows\debugmay contain specific debug logs for certain components but is not the canonical execution-tracking folder.C:
\Windows\BookandC:\subdirare not standard Windows forensic artifact locations. Therefore, the folder that stores information on applications run on the system isC:\Windows\Prefetch (C).
NEW QUESTION # 55
A disk drive has 16,384 cylinders, 80 heads, and 63 sectors per track, and each sector can store 512 bytes of data.
What is the total size of the disk?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In classic hard-disk geometry, total capacity is computed fromCHS parameters(Cylinders × Heads × Sectors per track) multiplied bybytes per sector. Forensic examiners learn this because it helps validate whether an image acquisition size is consistent with the physical disk geometry and to spot anomalies caused by misreported device geometry or capture errors.
First compute total addressable sectors:
16,384 cylinders × 80 heads = 1,310,720 tracks(because each head provides a track per cylinder).
Then multiply by sectors per track:
1,310,720 × 63 = 82,575,360 sectors.
Convert sectors to bytes using the sector size:
82,575,360 sectors × 512 bytes/sector = 42,278,584,320 bytes.
This matches optionAexactly. In practice, modern drives often use LBA and may report different logical geometries, but the forensic principle remains the same: capacity equals the number of logical blocks times the logical block size, and CHS-style values are a structured way to perform that verification.
NEW QUESTION # 56
A forensic investigator is collecting volatile data such as system information and network information present in the registries, cache, DLLs, and RAM of digital devices through its normal interface.
Identify the data acquisition method the investigator is performing.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The scenario describes the investigator collectingvolatileartifacts-specifically information inRAM, activeDLLs, system and network state, and transient data held incacheand similar runtime locations-through the device's normal interface while the system is running. In digital forensics documentation, this is the defining characteristic oflive acquisition(also called live response). Live acquisition is performed when the system remains powered on so that investigators can capture evidence that would be lost on shutdown, such as running processes, open network connections, logged-on sessions, loaded modules/DLLs, encryption keys, and portions of registry data that exist in memory or are actively changing.
By contrast,static acquisitionanddead acquisitionare conducted when the system is powered off (or the evidence drive is imaged outside the running OS), focusing primarily on persistent storage such as disk sectors and file system structures.Non-volatile data acquisitionrefers to collecting persistent data stored on media (e.g., files on disk), which does not match the emphasis on RAM and other volatile components in the question. Because the investigator is explicitly collecting volatile data from a running system via its normal interface, the correct method isLive acquisition (B).
NEW QUESTION # 57
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