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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Scaling prototypes into ML models | - Hyperparameter tuning - Training at scale (Distributed training, TPUs) - Frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch, JAX, Scikit-learn) |
| Topic 2: Serving and scaling models | - Online prediction (Vertex AI Prediction) - Hardware accelerators (GPU/TPU) in serving - Model optimization (Quantization, Distillation) - Batch prediction |
| Topic 3: Collaborating within and across teams to manage data and models | - Data management and governance - Version control and reproducibility (e.g., DVC, MLOps) - Collaboration between Data Scientists, Data Engineers, and ML Engineers |
| Topic 4: Monitoring ML solutions | - Logging and alerting (Cloud Monitoring) - Performance monitoring and drift detection - Model retraining strategies |
| Topic 5: Automating and orchestrating ML pipelines | - Triggering and scheduling pipelines - Vertex AI Pipelines (Kubeflow Pipelines) - CI/CD for ML systems |
| Topic 6: Architecting low-code ML solutions | - AutoML capabilities and implementation - Implementing BigQuery ML for basic models - Leveraging pre-built ML models as a service (e.g., Vision AI, Speech-to-Text, Recommendations AI) |
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NEW QUESTION # 388
You are creating a social media app where pet owners can post images of their pets. You have one million user uploaded images with hashtags. You want to build a comprehensive system that recommends images to users that are similar in appearance to their own uploaded images.
What should you do?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The best option to build a comprehensive system that recommends images to users that are similar in appearance to their own uploaded images is to download a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN), and use the model to generate embeddings of the input images. Embeddings are low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional data that capture the essential features and semantics of the data. By using a pretrained CNN, you can leverage the knowledge learned from large-scale image datasets, such as ImageNet, and apply it to your own domain. A pretrained CNN can be used as a feature extractor, where the output of the last hidden layer (or any intermediate layer) is taken as the embedding vector for the input image. You can then measure the similarity between embeddings using a distance metric, such as cosine similarity or Euclidean distance, and recommend images that have the highest similarity scores to the user's uploaded image. Option A is incorrect because downloading a pretrained CNN and fine-tuning the model to predict hashtags based on the input images may not capture the visual similarity of the images, as hashtags may not reflect the appearance of the images accurately. For example, two images of different breeds of dogs may have the same hashtag #dog, but they may not look similar to each other. Moreover, fine-tuning the model may require additional data and computational resources, and it may not generalize well to new images that have different or missing hashtags. Option B is incorrect because retrieving image labels and dominant colors from the input images using the Vision API may not capture the visual similarity of the images, as labels and colors may not reflect the fine-grained details of the images. For example, two images of the same breed of dog may have different labels and colors depending on the background, lighting, and angle of the image. Moreover, using the Vision API may incur additional costs and latency, and it may not be able to handle custom or domain-specific labels. Option C is incorrect because using the provided hashtags to create a collaborative filtering algorithm may not capture the visual similarity of the images, as collaborative filtering relies on the ratings or preferences of users, not the features of the images. For example, two images of different animals may have similar ratings or preferences from users, but they may not look similar to each other. Moreover, collaborative filtering may suffer from the cold start problem, where new images or users that have no ratings or preferences cannot be recommended. Reference:
Image similarity search with TensorFlow
Image embeddings documentation
Pretrained models documentation
Similarity metrics documentation
NEW QUESTION # 389
Your team has been tasked with creating an ML solution in Google Cloud to classify support requests for one of your platforms. You analyzed the requirements and decided to use TensorFlow to build the classifier so that you have full control of the model's code, serving, and deployment. You will use Kubeflow pipelines for the ML platform. To save time, you want to build on existing resources and use managed services instead of building a completely new model.
How should you build the classifier?
Answer: D
Explanation:
It allows you to build a classifier quickly and easily without having to build a new model from scratch. Transfer learning is a technique that can be used to transfer the knowledge from a pre- trained model to a new model. In this case, you would use an established text classification model that has been trained on a large dataset of text documents. You would then fine-tune the model on your dataset of support requests.
NEW QUESTION # 390
You developed a Vertex Al ML pipeline that consists of preprocessing and training steps and each set of steps runs on a separate custom Docker image Your organization uses GitHub and GitHub Actions as CI/CD to run unit and integration tests You need to automate the model retraining workflow so that it can be initiated both manually and when a new version of the code is merged in the main branch You want to minimize the steps required to build the workflow while also allowing for maximum flexibility How should you configure the CI/CD workflow?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The best option for automating the model retraining workflow is to use GitHub Actions and Cloud Build.
GitHub Actions is a service that can create and run workflows for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) on GitHub. GitHub Actions can run tests, build and deploy code, and trigger other actions based on events such as code changes, pull requests, or manual triggers. Cloud Build is a service that can create and run scalable and reliable pipelines to build, test, and deploy software on Google Cloud. Cloud Build can build custom Docker images, push the images to Artifact Registry, and launch the pipeline in Vertex AI Pipelines. Vertex AI Pipelines is a service that can orchestrate machine learning (ML) workflows using Vertex AI. Vertex AI Pipelines can run preprocessing and training steps on custom Docker images, and evaluate, deploy, and monitor the ML model. By using GitHub Actions and Cloud Build, users can leverage the power and flexibility of Google Cloud to automate the model retraining workflow, while minimizing the steps required to build the workflow.
The other options are not as good as option D, for the following reasons:
* Option A: Triggering a Cloud Build workflow to run tests, build custom Docker images, push the images to Artifact Registry, and launch the pipeline in Vertex AI Pipelines would require more configuration and maintenance than using GitHub Actions and Cloud Build. Cloud Build is a service that can create and run pipelines to build, test, and deploy software on Google Cloud, but it is not designed to integrate with GitHub or other source code repositories. To trigger a Cloud Build workflow from GitHub, users would need to set up a webhook, a Cloud Pub/Sub topic, and a Cloud Function1. Moreover, Cloud Build does not support manual triggers, which limits the flexibility of the workflow2.
* Option B: Triggering GitHub Actions to run the tests, launching a job on Cloud Run to build custom Docker images, pushing the images to Artifact Registry, and launching the pipeline in Vertex AI Pipelines would require more steps and resources than using GitHub Actions and Cloud Build. Cloud
* Run is a service that can run stateless containers on a fully managed environment or on Anthos. Cloud Run can build custom Docker images, but it is not optimized for this task. Users would need to write a Dockerfile, a cloudbuild.yaml file, and a Cloud Run service configuration file, and use the gcloud command-line tool to build and deploy the image3. Moreover, Cloud Run is designed for serving HTTP requests, not for running ML pipelines, which can have different performance and scalability requirements.
* Option C: Triggering GitHub Actions to run the tests, building custom Docker images, pushing the images to Artifact Registry, and launching the pipeline in Vertex AI Pipelines would require more skills and tools than using GitHub Actions and Cloud Build. GitHub Actions can run tests and build code, but it is not specialized for building Docker images. Users would need to install and configure Docker on the GitHub Actions runner, write a Dockerfile, and use the docker command-line tool to build and push the image. Moreover, GitHub Actions has limitations on the disk space, memory, and CPU of the runner, which can affect the speed and reliability of the image building process.
References:
* Building CI/CD for Vertex AI pipelines: The first solution
* Cloud Build
* GitHub Actions
* Vertex AI Pipelines
* Triggering builds from GitHub
* Triggering builds manually
* Building containers
* Cloud Run
* [Building and testing Docker images with GitHub Actions]
* [Usage limits, billing, and administration]
NEW QUESTION # 391
You are developing a model to identify traffic signs in images extracted from videos taken from the dashboard of a vehicle. You have a dataset of 100 000 images that were cropped to show one out of ten different traffic signs. The images have been labeled accordingly for model training and are stored in a Cloud Storage bucket You need to be able to tune the model during each training run. How should you train the model?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Image classification is a task where the model assigns a label to an image based on its content, such as "stop sign" or "speed limit"1. Object detection is a task where the model locates and identifies multiple objects in an image, and draws bounding boxes around them2. Since your dataset consists of images that were cropped to show one out of ten different traffic signs, you are dealing with an image classification problem, not an object detection problem. Therefore, you need to train a model for image classification, not object detection.
Vertex AI AutoML is a service that allows you to train and deploy high-quality ML models with minimal effort and machine learning expertise3. You can use Vertex AI AutoML to train a model for image classification by uploading your images and labels to a Vertex AI dataset, and then launching an AutoML training job4. However, Vertex AI AutoML does not allow you to tune the model during each training run, as it automatically selects the best model architecture and hyperparameters for your data4.
Vertex AI custom training is a service that allows you to train and deploy your own custom ML models using your own code and frameworks5. You can use Vertex AI custom training to train a model for image classification by writing your own model training code, such as using TensorFlow or PyTorch, and then creating and running a custom training job. Vertex AI custom training allows you to tune the model during each training run, as you can specify the model architecture and hyperparameters in your code, and use Vertex AI Hyperparameter Tuning to optimize them .
Therefore, the best option for your scenario is to develop the model training code for image classification and train a model by using Vertex AI custom training.
Reference:
Image classification | TensorFlow Core
Object detection | TensorFlow Core
Introduction to Vertex AI AutoML | Google Cloud
AutoML Vision | Google Cloud
Introduction to Vertex AI custom training | Google Cloud
[Custom training with TensorFlow | Vertex AI | Google Cloud]
[Hyperparameter tuning overview | Vertex AI | Google Cloud]
NEW QUESTION # 392
You are building a TensorFlow model for a financial institution that predicts the impact of consumer spending on inflation globally. Due to the size and nature of the data, your model is long-running across all types of hardware, and you have built frequent checkpointing into the training process. Your organization has asked you to minimize cost. What hardware should you choose?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 393
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