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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
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NEW QUESTION # 41
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which question does Hubble provide the information to answer?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble provides network and security flow observability derived from Cilium's datapath. Its flow records include source and destination workloads, namespaces, identities, ports, protocols, forwarding verdicts, and drop reasons. Hubble can therefore identify services or workloads whose connections were rejected by network policy. The Hubble CLI supports filtering by verdict, such as --verdict DROPPED , and official examples show events labeled Policy denied DROPPED . These capabilities directly answer the question posed in option D.
Option B, which is marked as correct in the supplied bank, is not supported by the stated functionality.
Hubble may expose network-layer or supported application-layer metadata, including DNS and HTTP information when Layer 7 visibility is configured, but it is not a database query profiler and cannot determine which internal SQL statement ran longest merely from ordinary Hubble flows. Similarly, CPU utilization is a workload-resource metric normally obtained through Kubernetes metrics, Prometheus, or another monitoring system. Cilium BGP configuration is examined through Cilium configuration and BGP status commands rather than inferred from Hubble network flows.
The supplied answer key should therefore be corrected from B to D.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 43
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 44
What is the purpose of the 12 Announcements" feature?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The question's "12 Announcements" wording is a source transcription error for L2 Announcements . This feature makes Kubernetes Services visible and reachable to clients on the local Layer 2 network, particularly in on-premises, office, campus, or bare-metal environments that do not use BGP-based service advertisement.
Cilium responds to ARP requests for IPv4 Service addresses and NDP requests for IPv6 addresses. A selected node advertises the LoadBalancer IP or ExternalIP using its MAC address and receives traffic for that virtual IP. Cilium then applies its service load-balancing functionality to forward the connection to an appropriate backend. Leadership is coordinated so that one node advertises a given Service at a time, and the virtual IP can move to another eligible node after failure.
The feature is not intended to provide general Layer 2 multicast, making A incorrect. DNS service discovery is handled through Kubernetes DNS and is independent of L2 announcements, eliminating C. It also does not define Layer 2 security policies, so D is incorrect.
Thus, the purpose is external Service reachability on the local area network, exactly as described by B.
Official references
L2 Announcements .
Study Guide topic: BGP and External Networking.
NEW QUESTION # 45
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 46
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