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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Diagnostic Imaging | - Image processing and interpretation basics - Radiography positioning and safety |
| Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Anesthesia | - Anesthetic monitoring - Anesthetic protocols and equipment |
| Surgical Nursing | - Sterile technique and instrumentation - Preoperative and postoperative care |
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NEW QUESTION # 127
A preanesthetic patient assessment includes many factors. It starts with admitting the patient into the hospital. Owners need to be properly prepared for what is to come. This includes financial expectations, wishes in the case of adverse events, and post-op plans. Failing to present this information to your owners upfront, the staff and hospital fail to provide what to their client?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Informed consent allows pet parents to understand what will occur with their pet and any potential risks of diagnostics, anesthesia, or surgical procedures. Additionally, providing an estimate upfront permits owners to be prepared for the financial aspect prior to picking up the pet and prepare accordingly. Another key component of informed consent involves limiting legal liability. By providing your clients with upfront information about cost, procedural, anesthetic, and other risks, recovery, and more, you are doing your due diligence and keeping with the standard of veterinary care.
However, informed consent doesn't stop when the patient enters the building; it continues through to treatment and includes discharge. Providing discharge instructions both verbally and in writing and having owners sign a copy you keep at the hospital ensures that all parties are on the same page regarding findings on diagnostics, surgical procedures, and on post-op care, restrictions, and recheck evaluation recommendations.
Explicit consent is a form of consent related to personal information data collection and providing permission for this type of collection.
Implied consent, sadly, is what many people assume. The act of participating in an event or dropping a pet off for a procedure suggests implied consent. However, unless they sign a document discussing what will/may be done while the pet is under your care, including financial authorization and other forms, then it was not informed consent. We can not assume the client understands what we have verbally discussed with them and if it wasn't in writing, there is no legal standing to demonstrate the owner knew what was going to happen and the risks.
Active consent is similar to explicit consent and is more of a verbal acknowledgment. However, it is not considered sufficient in veterinary medicine.
NEW QUESTION # 128
You are training a new technician today and going over the possible pain management options for an older sheep coming in for castration. You note which of the following should be cautiously used because ruminants can easily overdose with this drug class?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Local anesthetics provide excellent pain management in ruminants and can be used for many standing procedures and general surgery. However, in general, ruminants appear very sensitive to drugs. Drug calculations must be done carefully and use species-specific drug doses.
In combination with appropriate injectable pain management and sedation, local anesthetics help round out a multimodal pain management plan.
Opioids, alpha2-agonists, and NSAIDs are all commonly used with relative safety in ruminants for various indications, procedures, and types of pain management. Note that if the species of concern will be used for milk or meat, drug withdrawal times must also be adhered to.
NEW QUESTION # 129
When reviewing husbandry practices for large animals, always ensure you take a detailed nutritional history. When reviewing hand-fed or stall-fed large animals, you should consider all of the following, except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Fertilizer programs would be more relevant to animals fed on pastures. However, changes in feeding habits including the type of feed, how rapidly feed is changed or introduced, weather fluctuations causing unavailability of various feeds and roughage, and how they portion out the feed all factor into play when considering stall or hand-fed animals.
For pasture-fed animals, questions we want to ask and document include pasture composition, and then questions related to the nutritive value, including:
*Any changes due to drought or excessive rains
*Do they practice rotational grazing
*Do they have a fertilizer program (which could affect the quality of pasture, and could expose them to toxins) - This is unlikely relevant for non-pasture fed animals as they will not have access to treated areas unless the farmers are making their own feed from the fields treated, but this is unlikely.
*Could there be exposure to minerals and trace elements - top-dressing or actual mineral mix products
*What minerals do they supplement, if any
*Do they have any homemade mixtures they use or feed
*Did the owner have the pasture evaluated by a professional or just their own intuition about the health of the pasture and food nutritional value for the animals
*Do they rotate from one field to another
*Have there been periods with heavy rainfall or too little rainfall
*Availability of fresh drinking water
For animals who are stall- or hand-fed, there is less choice for the animals but more risk of human error causing health issues, including obesity. Ensure you obtain information about:
*Type of feed and quantity fed
*Sources of ingredients - the location where grains are purchased may have different ratios of nutrients
*Are they weighing the feed or measuring it? Measuring can lead to overfeeding more than using the food's
*Weight
*Have they recently changed feed?
*When changing from one food to another, is the new food introduced slowly over time or rapidly? If rapidly changed, this could negatively affect animals, such as those who are pregnant or lactating. These animals have increased metabolic demands, and failure to appropriately introduce new foods could create metabolic imbalances.
*Availability of drinking water
*Have the animals been transported recently?
*Availability of salt? Minerals?
*Level of exercise now and has it recently changed
Also: If feasible, record each animal's:
*Weight
*Body condition score (BCS)
*Body weight measurement (weight tape)
NEW QUESTION # 130
When weighing exotic animals or avian patients, what type of scale must be used?
Answer: D
Explanation:
When weighing exotic animals or avian patients, a gram scale that weighs in at least 1-gram increments must be used. Medication administration and nutritional needs are calculated based on the patient's weight.
Avian patients whose diets are being monitored should be weighed twice a day, and their weight gain or loss should be recorded on their medical chart. Veterinarians should be apprised of any unexpected gains or losses.
NEW QUESTION # 131
Which of the following would not be an indication for dental radiography?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Dental radiographs should no longer be an option for pet owners. They should be part of every comprehensive dental evaluation under general anesthesia. They are relatively easy to take with digital imaging, allow the veterinary team to learn what is occurring below the gum line, and help guide current and future therapy for each patient.
Radiographs should be taken on small animals, specifically:
*As part of the comprehensive assessment with every routine dental exam (at least annually is recommended, especially in breeds predisposed to advanced dental disease)
*Every 12-24 months when treating periodontal disease
*Before and after any tooth extraction
*When evaluating chipped teeth to determine pulp exposure and the degree of dentin protecting the pulp
*When evaluating fractured teeth with pulp exposure to determine the degree of periapical disease In addition, radiograph all teeth in patients with a history of resorptive lesions or gross evidence of current resorptive disease. Ideally, obtaining radiographs on young patients helps identify permanent dentition, especially in breeds where teeth can often be missing or fall out without the owner's knowledge, and can be helpful for reference in the future.
Regardless of species, however, dental radiography helps us plan and evaluate treatment successes and complications in dogs, cats, horses, and exotic species. They help tell the story below what the naked eye can see, below the gum line.
Radiographs help us to assess for:
*Tooth resorption
*Periodontal bone loss
*Retained root tips (either left behind by previous veterinarians or as a result of teeth falling out incompletely)
*Periapical radiolucencies (such as with tooth root abscesses)
*Teeth that failed to erupt normally or at all
*Bone infection
*Cancers
*Fractures (Teeth/jaw)
*Foreign material or foreign bodies
*Temporomandibular (TMJ) joint disease
NEW QUESTION # 132
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