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Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Exam is a certification program that validates the skills and knowledge of professionals in securing Kubernetes clusters. Kubernetes is a popular open-source container orchestration platform that is widely used by organizations to manage and deploy containerized applications. As Kubernetes adoption has grown, the need for skilled and knowledgeable security professionals to secure these clusters has also increased.
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The CKS certification is an essential step for security professionals who want to deepen their knowledge and skills in the Kubernetes environment. It provides comprehensive coverage of Kubernetes security topics and validates the candidate's ability to secure Kubernetes clusters and containerized applications against cyber threats. Candidates who pass the CKS certification exam demonstrate their expertise in securing Kubernetes applications and stand out from their peers in a rapidly evolving Kubernetes ecosystem.
Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Exam is a certification program that is designed to assess and validate an individual's expertise in securing container-based applications and Kubernetes platforms. CKS Exam is aimed at professionals who are responsible for securing Kubernetes clusters and ensuring that they are in compliance with industry-recognized security standards. The CKS certification program is a vendor-neutral program that is open to all IT professionals who have a good understanding of Kubernetes and its security principles.
NEW QUESTION # 49
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployments, Pods, bom Command Help bom-help
You must connect to the correct host. Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000035
Task
The alpine Deployment in the alpine namespace has three containers that run different versions of the alpine image.
First, find out which version of the alpine image contains the libcrypto3 package at version 3.1.4-r5.
Next, use the pre-installed bom tool to create an SPDX document for the identified image version at /home/candidate/alpine.spdx.
You can find the bom tool documentation at bom.
Finally, update the alpine Deployment and remove the container that uses the idenfied image version.
The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml.
Do not modify any other containers of the Deployment.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000035
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) List the 3 container names + images in the Deployment
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You'll get 3 lines like:
c1 alpine:3.xx
c2 alpine:3.yy
c3 alpine:3.zz
3) Identify which alpine image has libcrypto3 at 3.1.4-r5
Fastest reliable method (since it's Alpine, just query apk inside each image):
Run these one-by-one for each image you saw in step 2:
docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_1> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_2> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_3> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1'
✅ The correct image is the one that prints exactly:
libcrypto3-3.1.4-r5
Note that full image tag, e.g.:
IMG=alpine:3.xx
4) Create SPDX document with bom for that identified image
(Use the identified image from step 3.)
bom generate --image $IMG --format spdx --output /home/candidate/alpine.spdx Verify file exists:
ls -l /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
5) Remove ONLY the container that uses that image version
The manifest to edit is:
vi /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
In the spec.template.spec.containers: list, find the container entry whose image: equals the identified $IMG, and delete that one container block only (name/image/ports/etc for that container).
Save:
:wq
6) Apply the updated Deployment (do not change other containers)
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
Wait rollout:
kubectl -n alpine rollout status deployment/alpine
7) Verify only 2 containers remain
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You should now see 2 lines, and the $IMG line should be gone.
If bom generate ... errors (quick fix)
Check exact syntax on that system:
bom --help
bom generate --help
Then rerun with the flags it expects, keeping:
image = $IMG
output = /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
format = spdx
NEW QUESTION # 50
Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.
Answer:
Explanation:
$ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s
$ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> Name: cafe-ingress Namespace: default Address: 10.0.2.15 Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080) Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
cafe.com
/tea tea-svc:80 (<none>)
/coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>)
Annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}} Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NGINX Ingress controller Release: 0.14.0 Build: git-734361d Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
....
NEW QUESTION # 51
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context stage
Context:
A PodSecurityPolicy shall prevent the creation of privileged Pods in a specific namespace.
Task:
1. Create a new PodSecurityPolcy named deny-policy, which prevents the creation of privileged Pods.
2. Create a new ClusterRole name deny-access-role, which uses the newly created PodSecurityPolicy deny-policy.
3. Create a new ServiceAccount named psd-denial-sa in the existing namespace development.
Finally, create a new ClusterRoleBindind named restrict-access-bind, which binds the newly created ClusterRole deny-access-role to the newly created ServiceAccount psp-denial-sa
Answer:
Explanation:
Create psp to disallow privileged container
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: deny-access-role
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- "deny-policy"
k create sa psp-denial-sa -n development
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: restrict-access-bing
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: deny-access-role
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: psp-denial-sa
namespace: development
Explanation
master1 $ vim psp.yaml
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-policy
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
master1 $ vim cr1.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: deny-access-role
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- "deny-policy"
master1 $ k create sa psp-denial-sa -n development
master1 $ vim cb1.yaml
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: restrict-access-bing
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: deny-access-role
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
subjects:
# Authorize specific service accounts:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: psp-denial-sa
namespace: development
master1 $ k apply -f psp.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cr1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cb1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/ master1 $ k apply -f cr1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cb1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f psp.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cr1.yaml master1 $ k apply -f cb1.yaml Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/
NEW QUESTION # 52
Cluster: scanner
Master node: controlplane
Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context scanner
Given:
You may use Trivy's documentation.
Task:
Use the Trivy open-source container scanner to detect images with severe vulnerabilities used by Pods in the namespace nato.
Look for images with High or Critical severity vulnerabilities and delete the Pods that use those images.
Trivy is pre-installed on the cluster's master node. Use cluster's master node to use Trivy.
Answer:
Explanation:
[controlplane@cli] $ k get pods -n nato -o yaml | grep "image: "
[controlplane@cli] $ trivy image <image-name>
[controlplane@cli] $ k delete pod <vulnerable-pod> -n nato
[desk@cli] $ ssh controlnode
[controlplane@cli] $ k get pods -n nato
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
alohmora 1/1 Running 0 3m7s
c3d3 1/1 Running 0 2m54s
neon-pod 1/1 Running 0 2m11s
thor 1/1 Running 0 58s
[controlplane@cli] $ k get pods -n nato -o yaml | grep "image: "
[controlplane@cli] $ k delete pod thor -n nato
[controlplane@cli] $ k delete pod neon-pod -n nato Reference: https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy
[controlplane@cli] $ k delete pod neon-pod -n nato Reference: https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy
NEW QUESTION # 53
You are tasked with implementing a security policy that prohibits the use of privileged containers in your Kubernetes cluster. Implement a solution that uses KubeLinter to enforce this policy by automatically scanning all deployments and preventing deployments that violate the policy.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Install KubeLinter: Download and install the 'kubevar binary from the official GitHub repository.
2. Create a custom KubeLinter check: Define a custom check that prohibits the use of privileged containers. This check can be defined in a separate
YAML file or embedded in your '.kubeval.yaml configuration file.
3. Configure KubeLinter to use the custom check: Add the custom check to your .kuoeval.yaml configuration file.
4. Integrate KubeLinter into your CI/CD pipeline: Add a step to your pipeline that runs KubeLinter against your deployment YAML manifests. This step should be executed before the manifests are deployed to the cluster.
5. (Optional) Implement an admission controller: For real-time enforcement, deploy an admission controller that uses KubeLinter to validate deployments as they are created or updated. This will prevent any deployments that violate the policy from being created in the cluster. Tools like Kyverno or Gatekeeper can be used to create and enforce such policies.
NEW QUESTION # 54
......
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