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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Detect threats at the container level - Understand and monitor network traffic |
| Topic 2: Cluster Setup | 10% | - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Manage sensitive information in clusters |
| Topic 3: System Hardening | 15% | - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Enable audit logging - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Modify host components to improve security |
| Topic 4: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls |
| Topic 5: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces |
| Topic 6: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Sign container images and verify signatures - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Understand the container build process - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Use distroless images for static workload - Minimize base image footprint |
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NEW QUESTION # 26
SIMULATION
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidato@base] $ ssh cks000023
Task
Analyze and edit the Dockerfile located at /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile, fixing one instruction present in the file that is a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove instructions; only modify the one existing instruction with a security/best-practice concern.
Do not build the Dockerfile, Failure to do so may result in running out of storage and a zero score.
Analyze and edit the given manifest file /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml, fixing one fields present in the file that are a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove fields; only modify the one existing field with a security/best-practice concern.
Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user ID 65535.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
0) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000023
sudo -i
PART A - Fix ONE prominent Dockerfile security/best-practice issue
1) Open the Dockerfile
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile
2) Find the "most obvious" security/best-practice problem and modify ONLY THAT ONE instruction Use / search in vi to quickly find candidates:
Candidate 1 (very common): USER root (or no USER but a USER 0)
Search:
/USER
If you see:
USER root
Change that single instruction to:
USER 65535
(or USER nobody if that exact word is already used in the file-but the task explicitly allows UID 65535, so USER 65535 is safest.)
✅ This is one-instruction change and is a top-tier best practice.
Candidate 2 (very common): FROM <image>:latest
Search:
/FROM
If you see something like:
FROM nginx:latest
Change ONLY that line to a pinned tag (example):
FROM nginx:1.25.5
(Any non-latest pinned version is the point. Don't add a digest line; just modify the existing FROM line.) Candidate 3: ADD http://... (remote URL download) Search:
/ADD
If you see remote URL usage like:
ADD https://example.com/app.tar.gz /app/
Change that single instruction to COPY only if it's copying local files.
If it's a remote URL, the more "correct" fix would normally be using curl with verification, but that would require adding instructions (not allowed).
So in this exam constraint, do NOT pick this unless it's actually a local add like:
ADD . /app
Then change just the word:
COPY . /app
3) Save and exit
:wq
Don't run docker build (task forbids building).
PART B - Fix ONE prominent security/best-practice issue in the Deployment manifest
4) Open the manifest
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml
5) Change ONLY ONE existing field that is a clear security issue
Use / search in vi for the usual "bad fields":
Option 1 (most common): running as root
Search:
/runAsUser
If you see:
runAsUser: 0
Change that one existing field value to:
runAsUser: 65535
✅ This is a single-field change and matches the prompt hint.
Option 2: privileged container
Search:
/privileged
If you see:
privileged: true
Change only that value to:
privileged: false
Option 3: allow privilege escalation
Search:
/allowPrivilegeEscalation
If you see:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
Change only that value to:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Option 4: writable root filesystem
Search:
/readOnlyRootFilesystem
If you see:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
Change only that value to:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Option 5: image uses :latest
Search:
/image:
If you see:
image: something:latest
Change only that value to a pinned tag, e.g.:
image: something:1.2.3
6) Save and exit
:wq
What to pick (fast decision rule)
If you see run as root in either file, that's usually the highest scoring / most "prominent" security issue.
Dockerfile: USER root → USER 65535
Deployment: runAsUser: 0 → runAsUser: 65535
Those are perfect because you only modify one line/field and it matches the hint.
NEW QUESTION # 27
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployments, Pods, bom Command Help bom-help
You must connect to the correct host. Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000035
Task
The alpine Deployment in the alpine namespace has three containers that run different versions of the alpine image.
First, find out which version of the alpine image contains the libcrypto3 package at version 3.1.4-r5.
Next, use the pre-installed bom tool to create an SPDX document for the identified image version at /home/candidate/alpine.spdx.
You can find the bom tool documentation at bom.
Finally, update the alpine Deployment and remove the container that uses the idenfied image version.
The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml.
Do not modify any other containers of the Deployment.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000035
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) List the 3 container names + images in the Deployment
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You'll get 3 lines like:
c1 alpine:3.xx
c2 alpine:3.yy
c3 alpine:3.zz
3) Identify which alpine image has libcrypto3 at 3.1.4-r5
Fastest reliable method (since it's Alpine, just query apk inside each image):
Run these one-by-one for each image you saw in step 2:
docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_1> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_2> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_3> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1'
✅ The correct image is the one that prints exactly:
libcrypto3-3.1.4-r5
Note that full image tag, e.g.:
IMG=alpine:3.xx
4) Create SPDX document with bom for that identified image
(Use the identified image from step 3.)
bom generate --image $IMG --format spdx --output /home/candidate/alpine.spdx Verify file exists:
ls -l /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
5) Remove ONLY the container that uses that image version
The manifest to edit is:
vi /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
In the spec.template.spec.containers: list, find the container entry whose image: equals the identified $IMG, and delete that one container block only (name/image/ports/etc for that container).
Save:
:wq
6) Apply the updated Deployment (do not change other containers)
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
Wait rollout:
kubectl -n alpine rollout status deployment/alpine
7) Verify only 2 containers remain
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You should now see 2 lines, and the $IMG line should be gone.
If bom generate ... errors (quick fix)
Check exact syntax on that system:
bom --help
bom generate --help
Then rerun with the flags it expects, keeping:
image = $IMG
output = /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
format = spdx
NEW QUESTION # 28
You are running a Kubernetes cluster with a deployment named "my-app" that uses a container image from a public registry. You suspect that a recent deployment update may have introduced a vulnerability in one of the containers. Describe how you can use container image scanning tools like Trivy to identify and address the vulnerability.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Install and Configure Trivy:
- Install Trivy on your system or Within your Kubernetes cluster. Trivy is a versatile vulnerability scanner that can scan container images, filesystems, and applications.
2. Scan the Container Image:
- Run Trivy against the container image used by the "my-app" deployment.
bash
trivy image example/nginx:latest
3. Analyze the Scan Results:
- Review the Trivy scan report, which will list any vulnerabilities detected in the container image. The report will provide information like the vulnerability's severity, description, and potential impact.
4. Address the Vulnerability:
- If vulnerabilities are discovered, take appropriate actions to mitigate the risk. This could involve:
- Updating the Container Image: If a newer version of the container image is available with the vulnerability patched, update the deployment to use the updated image.
- Implementing Security Measures: Consider implementing additional security controls within your containers, such as restricting network access, limiting container privileges, or using security-enhancing tools.
- Accepting the Risk: If the vulnerability is deemed low risk and updating or mitigating it is not feasible, you may choose to accept the risk and monitor the vulnerability closely.
5. Integrate with CI/CD Pipeline:
- Integrate Trivy into your CI/CD pipeline to automatically scan container images before they are deployed to your Kubernetes cluster. This helps to catch vulnerabilities early and prevents them from being introduced into your production environment.
NEW QUESTION # 29
You are responsible for hardening a Kubernetes cluster hosting sensitive financial data. One of the key security concerns is preventing data exfiltration. How can you use Kubernetes Network Policy to enforce network isolation and prevent unauthorized data access?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define the network policy rules:
- Identify tne pods that contain sensitive data and the services they interact with. Use labels to identify these pods and services.
- Create network policies that restrict communication between these pods and the outside world. These policies should only allow traffic from authorized sources, such as internal services or authorized user applications.
2. Create the network policy:
- Define the policy using the 'kubectl apply' command. The policy should specify the target pods, allowed ingress and egress traffic, and the allowed ports and protocols.
3. Deploy the network policy:
- Apply the network policy to the cluster. The policy will be enforced by the Kubemetes network plugin.
Example network policy:
This policy restricts the communication of pods with the label Sapp: financial-data' to only internal services with the label Sapp: internal-service' and to specific IP addresses in the range ' 10.0.0.0/16'. This helps prevent data exfiltration by restricting access to external services or unauthorized clients.
NEW QUESTION # 30
SIMULATION
Use the kubesec docker images to scan the given YAML manifest, edit and apply the advised changes, and passed with a score of 4 points.
kubesec-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kubesec-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: kubesec-demo
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Hint: docker run -i kubesec/kubesec:512c5e0 scan /dev/stdin < kubesec-test.yaml
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
kubesec scan k8s-deployment.yaml
cat <<EOF > kubesec-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kubesec-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: kubesec-demo
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
EOF
kubesec scan kubesec-test.yaml
docker run -i kubesec/kubesec:512c5e0 scan /dev/stdin < kubesec-test.yaml kubesec http 8080 &
[1] 12345
{"severity":"info","timestamp":"2019-05-12T11:58:34.662+0100","caller":"server/server.go:69","message":"Starting HTTP server on port 8080"} curl -sSX POST --data-binary @test/asset/score-0-cap-sys-admin.yml http://localhost:8080/scan
[
{
"object": "Pod/security-context-demo.default",
"valid": true,
"message": "Failed with a score of -30 points",
"score": -30,
"scoring": {
"critical": [
{
"selector": "containers[] .securityContext .capabilities .add == SYS_ADMIN",
"reason": "CAP_SYS_ADMIN is the most privileged capability and should always be avoided"
},
{
"selector": "containers[] .securityContext .runAsNonRoot == true",
"reason": "Force the running image to run as a non-root user to ensure least privilege"
},
// ...
NEW QUESTION # 31
......
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