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Linux Foundation KCNA Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionWeightObjectives
Topic 1: Cloud Native Application Delivery8%- CI/CD
  • 1. Artifact Management and Image Registries
  • 2. Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery Pipelines
- Deployment Strategies
  • 1. Blue/Green, Canary, Rolling Updates
- GitOps
  • 1. Tools (Argo CD, Flux)
  • 2. GitOps Principles and Workflow
Topic 2: Kubernetes Fundamentals46%- Kubernetes Architecture
  • 1. Control Plane Components (API Server, etcd, Scheduler, Controller Manager)
  • 2. Worker Node Components (Kubelet, Kube-proxy, Container Runtime)
- Kubernetes API
  • 1. API Resource Structure and Versioning
  • 2. Declarative Management (Manifests/YAML)
- Kubernetes Resources
  • 1. Configuration Resources (ConfigMaps, Secrets)
  • 2. Networking Resources (Services, Ingress)
  • 3. Workload Resources (Pods, Deployments, StatefulSets, DaemonSets, ReplicaSets, Jobs, CronJobs)
- Scheduling
  • 1. Node Selection and Affinity
  • 2. Resource Requests and Limits
  • 3. Taints and Tolerations
- Containers
  • 1. Container Images and Registries
  • 2. Basic kubectl Commands
  • 3. Container Runtime Interface (CRI)
Topic 3: Cloud Native Architecture16%- Infrastructure and Practices
  • 1. Immutable Infrastructure
  • 2. DevOps Practices and Culture
  • 3. Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
- Cloud Native Landscape
  • 1. CNCF Role and Governance
  • 2. CNCF Project Categories (Sandbox, Incubating, Graduated)
- Architecture Concepts
  • 1. Serverless and FaaS
  • 2. Autoscaling (HPA, VPA, Cluster Autoscaler)
  • 3. Elasticity and Resilience
  • 4. Microservices Architecture
Topic 4: Container Orchestration22%- Storage
  • 1. Volumes, PersistentVolumes (PV), PersistentVolumeClaims (PVC)
  • 2. Storage Classes and Dynamic Provisioning
- Security
  • 1. Pod Security Standards (Admission Control)
  • 2. RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
  • 3. Network Policies
- Service Mesh
  • 1. Sidecar Pattern and Traffic Management
  • 2. Service Mesh Concepts (Istio, Linkerd)
- Networking
  • 1. CoreDNS and Service Networking
  • 2. Kubernetes Networking Model
- Orchestration Fundamentals
  • 1. Self-healing and Rolling Updates
  • 2. Service Discovery and Load Balancing
  • 3. Scheduling and Resource Management
- Container Runtimes
  • 1. Docker, containerd, CRI-O
Topic 5: Cloud Native Observability8%- Monitoring and Metrics
  • 1. Prometheus and Metrics Collection
  • 2. Dashboards and Visualization (Grafana)
- Tracing
  • 1. Distributed Tracing Concepts (OpenTelemetry, Jaeger)
- Logging
  • 1. Centralized Logging (Fluentd, Elasticsearch, Kibana)
  • 2. Kubernetes Logging Architecture

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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Associate Sample Questions (Q155-Q160):

NEW QUESTION # 155
What is the name for a service that has no clusterIp address?

Answer: C

Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services


NEW QUESTION # 156
Which Kubernetes resource uses immutable: trueboolean field?

Answer: C


NEW QUESTION # 157
Which Kubernetes API resource is responsible for defining the structure of your Kubernetes cluster, including the number and types of nodes?

Answer: A

Explanation:
The Cluster resource is responsible for defining the structure of the Kubernetes cluster, including the number and types of nodes. It is a top-level resource in Kubernetes. Deployments, Services, Pods, and Nodes are all lower-level resources that are defined within a cluster.


NEW QUESTION # 158
Which of the following sentences is true about container runtimes in Kubernetes?

Answer: C

Explanation:
A Kubernetes node must have a container runtime to run Pods, so D is correct. Kubernetes schedules Pods to nodes, but the actual execution of containers is performed by a runtime such as containerd or CRI-O. The kubelet communicates with that runtime via the Container Runtime Interface (CRI) to pull images, create sandboxes, and start/stop containers. Without a runtime, the node cannot launch container processes, so Pods cannot transition into running state.
Options A and B confuse networking kernel settings with runtime requirements. iptables bridged traffic visibility and IPv4 forwarding can be relevant for node networking, but they do not replace the need for a container runtime. Networking and container execution are separate layers: you need networking for connectivity, and you need a runtime for running containers.
Option C is also incorrect and muddled. Container runtimes are not deprecated; rather, Kubernetes removed the built-in Docker shim integration from kubelet in favor of CRI-native runtimes. CRI is an interface, not
"something you install instead of a runtime." In practice you install a CRI-compatible runtime (containerd
/CRI-O), which implements CRI endpoints that kubelet talks to.
Operationally, the runtime choice affects node behavior: image management, logging integration, performance characteristics, and compatibility. Kubernetes installation guides explicitly list installing a container runtime as a prerequisite for worker nodes. If a cluster has nodes without a properly configured runtime, workloads scheduled there will fail to start (often stuck in ContainerCreating/ImagePullBackOff
/Runtime errors).
Therefore, the only fully correct statement is D: each node needs a container runtime to run Pods.
=========


NEW QUESTION # 159
When deploying an application using Helm, which flag deletes the installation on failure?

Answer: D

Explanation:
The --atomic flag automatically rolls back and removes the Helm release when the installation fails. It also enables waiting for the deployment resources to become ready before considering the installation successful.


NEW QUESTION # 160
......

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