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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Monitoring and Improving the CSMS | - Incident detection and response - Continuous monitoring of IACS cybersecurity - Security lifecycle management |
| Addressing Risk with Selected Security Counter Measures | - Anti-virus and endpoint protection - Patch management - Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) - Firewalls and network security devices |
| Risk Analysis | - Risk management fundamentals - Risk and vulnerability analysis techniques - Cybersecurity risk assessment concepts |
| Addressing Risk with Security Policy, Organization, and Awareness | - Organizational security roles and responsibilities - Security policies and procedures - Security awareness and training |
| Understanding the Current Industrial Security Environment | - Convergence of IT and OT - Current state of industrial control systems security - Security challenges in OT environments |
| Addressing Risk with Implementation Measures | - Access control principles - Defense-in-depth strategy - Industrial network architecture and segmentation - Zones and conduits model |
| Validating or Verifying the Security of Systems | - Security validation and verification techniques - Auditing and compliance - Continuous improvement of security measures |
| How Cyberattacks Happen | - Cyber threats and attack vectors - Vulnerabilities in industrial systems - Case studies of industrial cyber incidents |
| Creating A Security Program | - Security management organization - Developing a long-term security program - Defining information security policy |
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質問 # 47
Which is a PRIMARY reason why network security is important in IACS environments?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：A
解説：
Network security is important in IACS environments because PLCs, or programmable logic controllers, are devices that control physical processes and equipment in industrial settings. PLCs under cyber attack can have costly and dangerous impacts, such as disrupting production, damaging equipment, compromising safety, and harming the environment. Therefore, network security is essential to protect PLCs and other IACS components from unauthorized access, modification, or disruption. The other choices are not primary reasons why network security is important in IACS environments. PLCs are not inherently unreliable, but they can be affected by environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic, which is a graphical programming language that resembles electrical schematics. PLCs use serial or Ethernet communications methods, depending on the type and age of the device, to communicate with other IACS components, such as human-machine interfaces (HMIs), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and distributed control systems (DCSs). References:
ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System training course1 ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide2 Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control Systems3
質問 # 48
Which ISA/IEC 62443 part covers technical security requirements used by product suppliers, integration service providers, and asset owners?
正解：C
解説：
ISA/IEC 62443-4-2 specifies technical security requirements (TSRs) for individual IACS components such as:
Embedded devices
Software applications
Network components
Host devices
These TSRs are relevant for product suppliers who design the components, integration service providers who implement them, and asset owners who operate them.
"This standard specifies the technical security requirements for components used in an IACS, and is applicable to product suppliers, system integrators, and asset owners responsible for security implementation."
- ISA/IEC 62443-4-2:2018, Clause 1 - Scope
The 62443-3-3 standard complements it by specifying system-level requirements, while 62443-2-4 focuses on service providers and 62443-2-1 on security program management.
References:
ISA/IEC 62443-4-2:2018 - Clause 1
ISA/IEC 62443-4-2 - Table 1: Component types and SRs
ISA/IEC 62443-1-1 - Roles and document mapping
質問 # 49
Whose responsibility is it to determine the level of risk an organization is willing to tolerate?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：D
質問 # 50
Which is a role of the application layer?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：A、B
解説：
The application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model, which provides the interface between the user and the network. It includes protocols specific to network applications such as email, file transfer, and reading data registers in a PLC. These protocols deliver and format information, possibly with encryption and security, to ensure reliable and meaningful communication between different applications. The application layer does not include user applications, which are separate from the network protocols. The application layer also does not provide the mechanism for opening, closing, and managing a session between end-user application processes, which is the function of the session layer. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, page 181
* Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control System, page 82 The application layer in network protocols, such as in the OSI model or the TCP/IP protocol suite, is primarily responsible for providing services directly to user applications. This layer is involved in:
* Option A: Including protocols specific to network applications such as email, file transfer, and industrial protocols like reading data registers in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This is a core function of the application layer as it facilitates specific high-level networking capabilities.
* Option D: Delivering and formatting information, which can include encryption and ensuring the security of data as it is transmitted across the network. This includes protocols like HTTP for web browsing which can encrypt data via HTTPS, SMTP for secure email transmission, and FTP for secure file transfer.
質問 # 51
Safety management staff are stakeholders of what security program development?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：B
解説：
Safety management staff are stakeholders of the CSMS, which stands for Cybersecurity Management System. The CSMS is a framework for managing the cybersecurity of industrial automation and control systems (IACS) based on the ISA/IEC 62443-2-1 standard1. The CSMS defines the objectives, policies, metrics, and governance for the overall ICS security program2. The CSMS also includes the processes for risk assessment, security design, implementation, monitoring, and improvement3. Safety management staff are involved in the CSMS development and implementation, as they are responsible for ensuring the safety of the IACS and the people, environment, and assets that depend on it. Safety management staff need to coordinate with the security management staff to align the safety and security requirements, identify and mitigate the safety risks arising from cyber threats, and monitor and respond to safety incidents caused by cyberattacks.
References:
* 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1: Establishing an Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security Program, ISA, 2010.
* 2: A Practical Approach to Adopting the IEC 62443 Standards - ISAGCA
* 3: ISA ISA-IEC-62443 ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Online Training - Exam4Training
* [4]: Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control System, ISA, 2018.
質問 # 52
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