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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Topic 2: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 3: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Topic 4: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 5: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Topic 6: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 7: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Topic 8: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
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NEW QUESTION # 50
What would be a benefit of using remote service affinity in a Cluster Mesh deployment?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Remote service affinity directs a global Service to prefer healthy backend endpoints located in remote clusters. This can support maintenance or staged rollouts in which the local copy of an application is temporarily unavailable or intentionally removed from service. Requests originating in the local cluster continue through the same global Service but are forwarded to the preferred remote backends, matching the use case described by D.
Cilium configures this behavior through the service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" annotation. The preference affects backend selection; it does not require clients to use a different Service address. If remote backends are available, they are marked as preferred. This provides operators with a controlled way to direct traffic away from the local deployment during an update.
Option A describes local affinity from the perspective of the cluster containing the client, not remote affinity.
Option B incorrectly introduces the Egress Gateway, which provides controlled source addresses and routing for outbound traffic rather than Cluster Mesh global-Service affinity. Option C describes the normal none affinity behavior, under which Cilium has no local-or-remote preference and can load-balance across both categories.
Remote affinity therefore enables temporary cross-cluster continuity while local application instances are updated or otherwise unavailable.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Service Affinity .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 51
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 52
What is true about WireGuard encryption on Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B is the best answer, with two qualifications. First, "pop-to-pod" is evidently a source typo for "pod-to-pod." Second, default WireGuard mode encrypts traffic between Cilium-managed pods on different nodes; node-to- node, pod-to-node, and node-to-pod coverage requires enabling the additional encryption.
nodeEncryption=true mode.
Cilium creates WireGuard peers per node, not per pod. Each Cilium agent generates a node key pair, advertises the public key through its CiliumNode resource, and forms secure tunnels with other known nodes.
This makes D incorrect. Same-node packets do not traverse a WireGuard tunnel because encryption cannot protect them from an observer already able to inspect raw traffic on that host, so A reverses the documented behavior.
C also reverses the encapsulation sequence. In tunnel-routing mode, pod traffic is first encapsulated for the VXLAN or Geneve overlay and is then encapsulated by WireGuard. The result is double encapsulation, with WireGuard protecting the overlay packet while it crosses the network between nodes.
Thus, B describes WireGuard's supported traffic coverage most closely, but exam candidates should remember the separate node-encryption configuration requirement.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: WireGuard peer architecture, encrypted traffic matrix, same-node behavior, and encapsulation order.
NEW QUESTION # 53
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
NEW QUESTION # 54
This an Ingress configuration. What is the equivalent Gateway API configuration?
Question 19 source Ingress
A)
Question 19 option A
B)
Question 19 option B
C)
Question 19 option C
D)
Question 19 option D
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option B correctly represents the Ingress as a Gateway and an attached HTTPRoute . The Gateway is named cilium , uses gatewayClassName: cilium , and exposes an HTTP listener on port 80. The HTTPRoute uses parentRefs with the same Gateway name, cilium , so the route attaches to the declared listener. Its two rules preserve the original routing behavior: /details with PathPrefix targets the details Service on port 9080, while / with PathPrefix targets productpage on port 9080.
Option A declares a Gateway named cilium but attaches its route to nginx-gateway . Because the parent reference does not identify the displayed Gateway, it is not equivalent. Options C and D use kind: Route ; the correct resource kind for HTTP path routing is HTTPRoute . They also contain malformed or altered backend and matching fields. Option D changes the details backend name, while option C contains incorrect route structure and path content.
Cilium's official migration example uses the same conversion pattern: the Ingress class becomes the Gateway' s class, paths move into HTTPRoute.rules , and the route identifies its Gateway through parentRefs .
The supplied key incorrectly identifies A. The verified answer is B.
Official references
HTTP Migration Example .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 55
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