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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical evolution and modern applications - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models |
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Principles and operation - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - HMAC construction and application - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication |
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質問 # 82
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 112-bit key size and a 64-bit block size?)
正解：B
解説：
3DES (Triple DES) is a symmetric block cipher that retains DES's 64-bit block size while increasing effective security by applying DES multiple times. The common "two-key 3DES" variant uses two independent 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) sequence: Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, then Encrypt again with K1. Because each DES key is 56 bits (ignoring parity bits), the total keying material is 112 bits. This matches the question's "112-bit key size and 64- bit block size." Plain DES uses only a 56-bit effective key and a 64-bit block size, so it does not match the 112-bit key size. AES has a 128-bit block size and key sizes of 128/192/256. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size but has a 128-bit key. Therefore, the correct algorithm is 3DES. Although 3DES improved on DES, it is now considered legacy due to its small 64-bit block size (birthday-bound issues for large data volumes) and performance overhead compared to AES.
質問 # 83
(What is a focus of the ISO/IEC 27001 standard?)
正解：A
解説：
ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an Information Security Management System (ISMS). Its focus is not inventing cryptographic algorithms, but managing information security through a structured governance approach: identifying assets, assessing risks, selecting and implementing controls, measuring effectiveness, and continuously improving.
The standard emphasizes a risk-based methodology-controls are chosen based on organizational context and threat landscape, and the ISMS is refined over time through audits, management reviews, and corrective actions. While cryptography can be part of the control set (e.g., encryption policies, key management, secure communications), ISO/IEC 27001 addresses a broad range of security domains beyond crypto, including physical security, access control, incident management, supplier relationships, and business continuity. It also does not enforce criminal penalties; it is a certification/management standard. And it is not limited to network security. Therefore, the correct focus is risk management and continuous improvement of information security.
質問 # 84
(Which authentication method allows a web service installed on a network operating system to prove its identity to a customer?)
正解：D
解説：
One-way server authentication is the standard model used by most TLS-enabled web services to prove the server's identity to a client. In this model, the server presents an X.509 certificate during the TLS handshake.
The client validates the certificate chain to a trusted root CA, checks hostname binding (CN/SAN), validates validity dates, and may check revocation status. If validation succeeds, the client gains cryptographic assurance that it is communicating with the holder of the private key corresponding to the server certificate's public key, and that the certificate is issued to the expected domain/identity. This proves the server's identity to the customer without requiring the customer to present a certificate. Mutual authentication would require both client and server to authenticate each other using certificates (commonly in certain enterprise APIs), but the question asks specifically about the web service proving its identity to the customer, which is satisfied by server-only authentication. One-way client authentication is the opposite direction (client proves identity to server). "End-to-end authentication" is a broader concept and not the specific TLS identity proof mechanism described here. Thus, one-way server authentication is the correct choice.
質問 # 85
(Which operation can be performed on a certificate during the "Issued" stage?)
正解：B
解説：
The "Issued" stage in a certificate lifecycle indicates that the certificate has been generated and signed by the issuing CA and is now valid for use (subject to validity dates, policy constraints, and revocation status). At this point, the operational focus shifts from creating the certificate to making it available to the subject and relying parties. "Distribution" is the lifecycle activity most directly associated with an issued certificate:
installing it on servers or endpoints, provisioning it into keystores, publishing it to directories if required, and ensuring the chain (intermediates) is accessible for validation. By contrast, "Creation" is earlier in the process (key generation, CSR creation, identity validation, issuance/signing). "Key recovery" and "key archiving" relate to private key management and escrow policies (often for encryption keys, not signing keys), and are governed by organizational policy and key management systems rather than the certificate's issued state itself.
A certificate can be distributed after issuance regardless of whether any key escrow features exist. Therefore, the operation that fits the certificate's "Issued" stage best is distribution of the issued credential for operational use.
質問 # 86
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
正解：D
解説：
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key 3DES uses two 56- bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here. A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
質問 # 87
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