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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Competency 3: Process Improvement and Problem Solving | - Statistical Process Control (SPC) - Six Sigma methodology - Lean operations and waste elimination - Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle - Cause-and-effect diagrams (fishbone diagrams) |
| Competency 2: Quality Management | - Cost of quality (prevention, appraisal, internal/external failure) - Quality management philosophies (Deming, Juran, Crosby) - Total Quality Management (TQM) - Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criteria |
| Competency 4: Supply Chain Management | - Supply chain design and strategy - Logistics and distribution - Inventory management - Sourcing and procurement |
| Competency 5: Capacity Planning and Facility Layout | - Location analysis and decisions - Facility layout types (process, product, cellular, fixed-position) - Capacity planning strategies |
| Competency 1: Operations Management Fundamentals | - Product and service design - History and evolution of operations management - Operations strategy and competitive priorities |
| Competency 6: Production Planning and Scheduling | - Theory of Constraints (TOC) - Just-in-Time (JIT) and Kanban systems - Aggregate planning - Material Requirements Planning (MRP) - Master Production Schedule (MPS) |
| Competency 7: Forecasting | - Qualitative forecasting methods - Quantitative forecasting methods (moving averages, exponential smoothing) - Forecast accuracy measures |
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질문 # 55
How do just-in-time (JIT) and lean systems add value?
정답：C
설명：
Just-in-time (JIT) and lean systems add valueby reducing wasteacross all operational processes.
Lean Operations define value strictly from thecustomer's perspective. Any activity that does not add value to the product or service is considered waste (muda). JIT and lean systems systematically identify and eliminate this waste to improve efficiency, quality, and responsiveness.
Common types of waste targeted include:
* Overproduction
* Waiting time
* Excess inventory
* Unnecessary motion
* Transportation
* Defects and rework
* Overprocessing
By reducing waste, organizations achieve:
* Shorter lead times
* Lower costs
* Improved quality
* Greater flexibility
Options such as improving lighting or enhancing responsibility may support efficiency indirectly but do not define the core value mechanism of JIT and lean systems. Increasing simplicity is a result of waste reduction, not the primary method.
Operations Management emphasizes waste elimination as the foundation of sustainable operational excellence, making optionCthe correct answer.
질문 # 56
Which total quality management (TQM) process consists of 13 published standards and guidelines?
정답：A
설명：
ISO 9000is the family of international quality management standards consisting of13 published standards and guidelinesthat define the fundamentals and vocabulary of quality management systems.
The ISO 9000 family provides asystematic frameworkfor ensuring consistent processes, customer satisfaction, and continuous improvement across organizations. It does not certify products; rather, it certifies that an organization'sprocesses are controlled, documented, and continuously improved.
Key distinctions:
* ISO 9000: Overview, concepts, and terminology
* ISO 9001: Certification standard specifying requirements
* ISO 9002: (Now obsolete) Previously focused on production and installation
* ISO 1400: Environmental management standards, not quality
Operations Management values ISO 9000 because it promotes:
* Process standardization
* Documentation and traceability
* Preventive rather than corrective quality control
* Consistency across suppliers and partners
ISO 9000 supports TQM by embedding quality intoorganizational systems, not relying on inspection alone.
Certification signals reliability and discipline to customers and global partners, especially in supply chains.
By establishing a common quality language and structure, ISO 9000 enables organizations to align operations, reduce variability, and sustain long-term operational excellence.
질문 # 57
Which two statements are true about effective capacity?
Choose 2 answers
정답：A,D
설명：
Effective capacityrepresents themaximum output a system can realistically achieve under normal operating conditions. It is alwayslower than design capacity, which assumes ideal, uninterrupted conditions.
StatementAis correct because effective capacity accounts for:
* Scheduled maintenance
* Breaks and shift changes
* Setup times
* Normal inefficiencies
StatementBis also correct because effective capacity is considered astable, ongoing measureused for operational planning and performance evaluation. It reflects how a system is designed to operate sustainably over time, not temporarily.
StatementCis incorrect because effective capacity is not a short-term or temporary measure; it is used consistently for planning, scheduling, and forecasting.
StatementDis incorrect because effective capacity does not define aminimumoutput level-it defines a realistic maximumunder expected conditions.
In Operations Management, effective capacity is essential for:
* Capacity utilization calculations
* Aggregate planning
* Location and facility decisions
* Bottleneck analysis
By distinguishing between design and effective capacity, managers avoid unrealistic expectations and plan resources more accurately, reducing congestion, overtime, and quality problems.
질문 # 58
Which term means to schedule a job that starts immediately, regardless of the due date?
정답：D
설명：
Forward schedulingmeans scheduling workas soon as resources are available, regardless of the job's due date.
In Operations Management:
* Forward scheduling starts at the current time
* Jobs are scheduled sequentially into the future
* Completion dates are determined after scheduling
This method is commonly used when:
* Capacity utilization is the priority
* Due dates are flexible
* Make-to-stock environments exist
In contrast:
* Backward schedulingstarts from the due date and works backward
* Finite loadingrespects capacity limits
* Infinite loadingignores capacity constraints
Forward scheduling ensures continuous resource use but may result in early job completion and higher inventory levels.
질문 # 59
What would be an organization's next step after it has revised or implemented new operations?
정답：C
설명：
After implementing revised or new operations, the correct next step is tofollow up to ensure that the new operation resolves quality problems.
Operations Management emphasizes that implementation alone does not guarantee improvement. Post- implementation follow-up is required to:
* Verify performance improvements
* Detect unintended consequences
* Confirm quality objectives are met
* Ensure process stability
This step is central tocontinuous improvementand aligns with PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) and DMAIC cycles.
The other options are ineffective or redundant:
* Reversing operation order adds no value
* Revising before use contradicts implementation
* Re-analyzing the old process ignores the change
Follow-up transforms change into learning and ensures operational improvements are sustained over time.
질문 # 60
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