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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - HMAC construction and application |
| Topic 2: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Topic 3: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) |
| Topic 5: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications |
| Topic 6: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Principles: public/private key pairs |
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NEW QUESTION # 81
(Which cryptographic operation has the fastest decryption process?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography generally provides the fastest encryption and decryption performance among common cryptographic operations. Algorithms like AES and ChaCha20 are designed for high throughput and efficient implementation in software and hardware (e.g., AES-NI acceleration).
Symmetric decryption is computationally similar in cost to symmetric encryption, and both are far faster than asymmetric operations for equivalent security levels. Asymmetric cryptography (RSA, ECC) involves expensive mathematical operations (modular exponentiation or elliptic-curve scalar multiplication), making it much slower and unsuitable for bulk data decryption. That is why real-world secure protocols use asymmetric cryptography primarily to authenticate peers and establish keys, then switch to symmetric encryption for the actual data stream. Hashing is not decryption at all; it is one- way, and there is no "decrypt" operation for a hash. Padding is not a decryption mechanism; it is a formatting step used with block ciphers to align plaintext length. Therefore, the correct choice for the operation with the fastest decryption process is symmetric cryptography.
NEW QUESTION # 82
(Which mode of encryption uses an Initialization Vector (IV) to encrypt the first block and then uses the result to encrypt the next block?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
CBC mode introduces dependency between blocks to prevent the pattern leakage seen in ECB. It starts with a random (or unpredictable) IV for the first block. Before encrypting block 1, CBC XORs plaintext block 1 with the IV, then encrypts the result. For block 2 and onward, CBC XORs each plaintext block with the previous ciphertext block before encryption. This chaining means that changing one plaintext block affects that block's ciphertext and also influences the next block's computation. The IV ensures that encrypting the same message twice under the same key produces different ciphertexts (assuming a fresh IV). Option A (ECB) has no IV or chaining. OFB and CFB are feedback modes that effectively generate a keystream; they do use an IV, but the "uses the result to encrypt the next block" wording most directly matches CBC's ciphertext-chaining description in standard teaching. CBC still requires integrity protection (e.g., HMAC or an AEAD mode) because it can be malleable without authentication. Therefore, the correct mode is Cipher Block Chaining (CBC).
NEW QUESTION # 83
(Quantum computing poses a threat to which cryptographic algorithm?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Large-scale quantum computers threaten many widely deployed public-key algorithms because quantum algorithms can solve their underlying hard math problems efficiently. In particular, Shor's algorithm can factor large integers and compute discrete logarithms in polynomial time, which directly breaks the security assumptions of RSA (factoring) and traditional Diffie-Hellman/ECC (discrete log). That makes RSA the clearest target among the options. By comparison, symmetric algorithms like AES are affected mainly by Grover's algorithm, which provides a quadratic speedup for brute force; this can be mitigated by using larger keys (e.g., AES-256). Hash functions like SHA-256 also face Grover-style speedups for preimage search, again mitigated by output length/security margin, and collision resistance is impacted differently. ECB is a mode of operation, not a standalone algorithm, and its issues are classical (pattern leakage), not specifically quantum. Therefore, the algorithm most directly threatened by quantum computing among the choices is RSA.
NEW QUESTION # 84
(What is the maximum key size (in bits) supported by AES?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
AES supports three standardized key sizes: 128, 192, and 256 bits, with a fixed block size of 128 bits. The maximum of these supported key sizes is 256 bits (AES-256). Key size affects resistance to brute-force key search: larger keys exponentially increase the search space. In practice, AES-128 is already considered strong against brute force with contemporary computing capabilities, while AES-256 is often chosen for compliance requirements, conservative security margins, or to hedge against future advances. AES-512 is not part of the AES standard; if 512-bit keys are desired, systems typically use different constructions (like using AES-256 in certain key-derivation or wrapping schemes) rather than changing AES itself. Therefore, the correct maximum supported AES key size is 256 bits.
NEW QUESTION # 85
(Which additional input element can be used to implement integrity in combination with symmetric ciphers?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Symmetric encryption alone typically provides confidentiality, but it does not automatically provide integrity.
Many encryption modes (especially older ones like CBC without authentication) are malleable, meaning an attacker may be able to modify ciphertext and cause predictable changes in plaintext after decryption. To add integrity, systems commonly combine symmetric encryption with a cryptographic hash-based integrity mechanism, such as a hash function used in an HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) or a dedicated authenticated-encryption mode like GCM that internally uses authentication tags. Among the given options, a hash function is the fundamental additional element that enables integrity checks: it allows construction of a MAC (e.g., HMAC-SHA-256) that the receiver verifies to detect any tampering. An initialization vector and a nonce value are used to ensure uniqueness and randomness properties for encryption but do not, by themselves, guarantee integrity. An encoding algorithm changes representation, not security. Therefore, the correct additional input element for implementing integrity alongside symmetric encryption is a hash function, typically as part of an HMAC or similar MAC construction.
NEW QUESTION # 86
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