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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Demand management and value for money | - Demand analysis and forecasting - Balancing cost, quality, and risk - Whole life costing and total cost of ownership |
| Topic 2: Understanding and defining business needs | - Alignment of procurement with organisational objectives - Role of procurement in identifying and defining needs |
| Topic 3: Specification development | - Stakeholder engagement in requirements definition - Types of specifications (input, output, conformance) - Key performance indicators and measurable requirements |
| Topic 4: Risk, sustainability, and compliance considerations | - Sustainability and ethical sourcing requirements - Legal and regulatory constraints affecting specifications - Managing procurement and supply risks |
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211. Frage
OMK is a Russian steel firm that is expanding market abroad. It plans to build a steel plant in a foreign country. Due to intricate technical requirements, the plant design will be very complex. Procurement department or technical department alone cannot draft the specification. OMK senior management decides that this task must be treated as a project. Which of the following should be done before writing the specification for new steel plant?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
The writing of a complex specification should be treated as a project because it requires the brain power from different stakeholders. Many tools and processes of project management can be applied to complex specification development. Before engaging with the stakeholders and implementing the project, the project initial document should developed.
A Project Initiation Document (PID) is one of the most important components of project manage-ment, which forms the foundation for a company project. It is a reference point during the entire project, for the client as well as for the project team.
A PID bundles documentation into a logical reference work that collects all important information needed to start and run a project from a good foundation. After that, Project Initiation Document must be transferred to all stakeholders, including business sponsors.
This forms the basis for the project management. The documentation from which the PID is com-posed include the business case in which the project's justification can be found, the communica-tion plan and the project plan.
The PID is composed out of collected information and includes, among others, the following com-ponents:
- Project goal(s); what do you want to achieve with the project?
- Project size; how large is the project, how long does it take and how many people are involved?
- Project organisation; who are involved in the project, what are their tasks, responsibilities and authority?
- Limits and risks; what can cause a project to stagnate and are there risks related to the project?
- Stakeholders; who has a stake in the success of the project?
- Project checks and frame reporting; by carefully taking into account evaluation moments, it is clear to everyone what sample tests can be carried out during the process.
In addition, it is important that the Project Initiation Document also contains the following infor-mation:
- The background and occasion of the project, which together provide information about the con-text.
- The project organisational structure, which describes who has which management responsibility in the project.
- The project quality plan, describing who controls the quality of the products to be delivered and how it will take place.
- The total project planning, including the duration of all activities.
- The exception process, which describes how exceptions are dealt with and the steps of the escalation procedure.
- The risk log, including the measures that will be taken when there are unforeseen risks.
- The documentation structure of the project, in which the encoding and storage of all documents and products to be provided by the project has been recorded in advance.
212. Frage
ABC Ltd has recently set up a stationery contract with a large stationery provider, obtaining fixed prices on core stationery items. The brochures have been distributed within ABC Ltd and one of the key users wants to order a corner desk and office chair from the brochure. Is this within scope?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
The scope of a contract is defined by the agreed specifications, product categories, and pricing schedules. If the contract was set up only for stationery, then furniture would be outside the contract scope - even if included in the supplier's brochure.
According to the CIPS L4M2 Study Guide, Chapter 1: Developing Specifications, it explains:
"The scope of a contract must be clearly defined. Any procurement outside of this scope may result in non- compliance and unintended spending." Analysis:
* A. No. because the contract is for stationery only - Correct. Furniture is a separate category and needs a separate procurement route if not included in the original scope.
* B. Desk not matching existing furniture - Not relevant to contractual scope.
* C. Contract with the company - Irrelevant. The scope is defined by category, not just the supplier.
* D. Equipment in brochure - Inclusion in a brochure does not equal contract coverage.
Correct answer: A
CIPS Study Guide Reference:
* Module: L4M2 - Defining Business Needs
* Chapter 1: Specifications and Scope of Requirements
213. Frage
A procurement manager is requested to source a major component. She needs information on sup-pliers' direct and indirect cost, fixed and variable costs to prepare for negotiations. Therefore, she collects 17 annual reports from potential suppliers who are competing in the same industry. In order to estimate an approximate value of fixed and variable costs in that industry, which of the following technique should be adopted by the procurement manager?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Public annual reports can be a source of information that helps the procurement professional to analyse an industry's cost and revenue using the line of best fit. Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis. Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis.
In this case, by collecting and analysing 17 annual reports, the procurement manager can find the line of best fit which goes approximately through the middle of the data points with an equal num-ber of data points above and below it.
The slope of the line of best fit is the approximate variable costs the industry. The easiest way to calculate it is to take a point at the right-hand end of the line of best fit and note its cost and output levels. Divide the cost by the output and this gives and approximate figure for the cost per unit of output or variable cost. This gives an approximate value for the industry fixed and variable costs.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3
214. Frage
Aldar Properties is a property developer in UAE. In last month, it spent $2,160 for 10 tons of steel. In this month, it had planned 10% increment in budget for steel comparing to last month. But the number of orders boosted and total spend on steel reached $1,992.1 while Aldar has imported 11 tons. What is the main cost driver of steel budget?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
In this question, you have to calculate price variance and quantity variance.
Last month, 1 tonne of steel costed $216. This month, the price decreases to $181.1. Price variance = (P1 - P2)*Q2 = ($216-$181.1)*11 = $383.9 Quantity variance = (Q1-Q2)*P1 = -$216 Price variance is greater than quantity variance, therefore, price variance is the main cost driver.
LO 1, AC 1.4
215. Frage
Lider Ltd is a leading bathroom furniture manufacturer in India. The company has more than 30 years experience in the market with extended knowledge of engineering and customers' taste. Lider is planning to launch a new type of bath fitting next year which offers Bluetooth connectivity and thermostat display. The company gathers a team of multi-disciplines, including engineering, procurement, sales and marketing. At the first team meeting, the project leader tells the team to discuss which functions will be valued by the customers, and how to deliver those functions with the lowest costs possible. Which of the following describes the process that the project team is undertaking?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
From the scenario, you can see that the project team is developing a new product. They start with analysing the functions, and the costs of delivering those functions. This is a typical process of value engineering. You may read more on value engineering from the reference paper.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 171-173
- Value Analysis - Norwood Whittle (cimaglobal.com)
- A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VALUE ENGI-NEERING (researchgate.net) LO 3, AC 3.4
216. Frage
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