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質問 # 72
Which of the following is an example of social engineering?
正解：B
解説：
Identifying examples of social engineering is crucial for recognizing the diverse ways attackers attempt to circumvent technical security controls. A classic and highly effective example of social engineering is
"vishing" (voice phishing), where an attacker calls a user and attempts to persuade them to disclose sensitive information, such as their network password, over the phone. This technique relies on the attacker's ability to sound professional, authoritative, or helpful, creating a scenario where the victim feels compelled to comply.
In contrast, options such as the use of antivirus software and periodic updating of the operating system are technical security controls. These are automated or administrative processes designed to protect the system's integrity from malware and exploits. Social engineering, however, bypasses these technical defenses by targeting the user directly. When an attacker asks for a password over the phone, they are not attempting to
"break" the password through a brute-force attack; they are simply asking for the "key to the front door" by exploiting the user's trust.
This specific example highlights the concept of "Pretexting." The attacker may claim there is a critical security breach or a technical error on the user's account and that the password is required to "fix" the issue.
Once the user discloses the password, the attacker has gained legitimate access to the system, often leaving no immediate trace of a technical intrusion. For an ethical hacker, documenting these types of vulnerabilities is essential. It demonstrates that even the most advanced firewall or antivirus cannot protect an organization if its employees are willing to give away credentials to an unverified caller. This reinforces the need for
"Security Awareness Training," which teaches individuals that legitimate IT personnel will never ask for a full password over a phone call or through an unencrypted communication channel.
質問 # 73
What is the main purpose of a "SQL injection" attack?
正解：A
解説：
SQL Injection (SQLi) is one of the most prevalent and damaging information security threats targeting web applications. Its main purpose is to exploit a database by manipulating Structured Query Language (SQL) commands through user-supplied input. This occurs when an application fails to properly filter or "sanitize" data entered into forms, URL parameters, or cookies, allowing an attacker to "inject" their own SQL code into the query that the application sends to the back-end database.
When successful, a SQL injection attack can have catastrophic consequences for an organization's data integrity and confidentiality. An attacker can bypass authentication to log in as an administrator without a password, view sensitive user data, modify or delete database records, and in some cases, gain administrative control over the entire database server. A classic example is the ' OR 1=1 -- injection, which forces a query to return "true" regardless of the credentials provided, effectively opening the door to the system.
Managing the threat of SQLi is a top priority for web security. The most effective defense is the use of
"Parameterized Queries" (also known as prepared statements), which ensure that the database treats user input as data rather than executable code. Additionally, implementing "Input Validation" and the "Principle of Least Privilege" for database accounts helps mitigate the potential damage. From an ethical hacking standpoint, identifying SQLi vulnerabilities is a core component of vulnerability scanning and manual testing. Because databases often hold an organization's most valuable assets-including customer identities and financial records-protecting them from injection attacks is a non-negotiable aspect of modern information security management.
質問 # 74
What is Nessus used for?
正解：B
解説：
Nessus is a globally recognized, industry-standardvulnerability scannerused by security professionals to identify security flaws in a network, operating system, or application. Developed by Tenable, it is a comprehensive tool that automates the process of finding weaknesses such as unpatched software, weak passwords, misconfigurations, and "zero-day" vulnerabilities.
Nessus operates by probing a target system and comparing the results against an extensive, constantly updated database of thousands of known vulnerabilities (plugins). The scanning process typically involves:
* Host Discovery: Identifying which devices are active on the network.
* Port Scanning: Checking for open services and identifying their versions.
* Vulnerability Assessment: Running specific checks to see if those services are susceptible to known exploits.
* Compliance Auditing: Ensuring that systems meet specific security standards like PCI DSS or HIPAA.
Unlike "automated hacking" tools that focus on exploitation, Nessus is adiagnostic tool. It provides detailed reports that categorize vulnerabilities by severity (Critical, High, Medium, Low) and offers specific remediation advice on how to fix the issues. In a professional penetration test, Nessus is used during the
"Vulnerability Analysis" phase to provide a broad map of the target's weaknesses. This allows the tester to prioritize which flaws to attempt to exploit manually. Regular use of Nessus is a cornerstone of any proactive vulnerability management program.
質問 # 75
What is Netcat?
正解：A
解説：
Netcat, often referred to as the"Swiss Army knife of networking,"is a versatile, open-source tool used for reading from and writing to network connections using TCP or UDP. This makes option B the correct answer.
Netcat is widely used in ethical hacking, penetration testing, and system administration due to its flexibility and simplicity.
Netcat can perform a wide range of networking tasks, includingport scanning, banner grabbing, file transfers, reverse shells, bind shells, and debugging network services. It is commonly used during thereconnaissance, exploitation, and post-exploitation phasesof ethical hacking. Because of its ability to create raw network connections, it can simulate both client and server behavior.
Option A and option C are incorrect because Netcat iscross-platformand works on Linux, Windows, macOS, and other Unix-like systems. It is not limited to a single operating system, nor is it exclusively a hacking tool; it is also used legitimately by network administrators for troubleshooting and testing.
From a defensive security perspective, understanding Netcat is important because attackers frequently abuse it to establish unauthorized communication channels or backdoors. Ethical hackers use Netcat responsibly to demonstrate how weak configurations or exposed services can be exploited.
By identifying improper Netcat usage during assessments, organizations can improve monitoring, restrict unnecessary outbound connections, and strengthen endpoint security controls.
質問 # 76
What is a reverse shell?
正解：A
解説：
A reverse shell is a technique used in ethical hacking and penetration testing where the target (victim) system initiates a connection back to the attacker's system, allowing the attacker to execute commands remotely. This makes option C the correct answer.
Unlike a bind shell, where the victim opens a listening port, a reverse shell is particularly effective in environments protected by firewalls or Network Address Translation (NAT). Since outbound connections are often allowed, the victim system connects outward to the attacker, bypassing many network restrictions.
Ethical hackers commonly use reverse shells during the exploitation and post-exploitation phases of penetration testing to maintain access to compromised systems.
Option A is incorrect because running a terminal as root does not define a reverse shell. Option B is incorrect because a reverse shell is not a standard command-line interface but rather a remote command execution channel.
From an ethical hacking perspective, reverse shells help demonstrate the real-world impact of vulnerabilities such as command injection, remote code execution, or misconfigured services. Once established, a reverse shell may allow privilege escalation, lateral movement, or data exfiltration-highlighting serious security risks.
Understanding reverse shells is essential for both attackers and defenders. Defenders can mitigate reverse shell attacks by implementing strict egress filtering, intrusion detection systems, endpoint protection, and proper system hardening. Ethical testing of reverse shells enables organizations to identify weaknesses and improve overall security posture.
質問 # 77
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当社は、すべての受験者が試験に簡単に合格できるようにCEHPC最新の練習教材を開発することに専念しており、10年以上の開発の後に大きな成果を上げています。認定資格は非常に価値が高いため、適切なCEHPC試験ガイドは、バターを通過するホットナイフのようなCEHPC試験に合格するための強力な推進力となります。そして、CEHPC試験ガイドの質の高いCEHPC学習ガイドは、98％以上の高い合格率によって証明されているため、CEHPC試験問題はまさにあなたにとって正しいものです。
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