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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption |
| Topic 2: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Topic 3: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Topic 4: Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Topic 5: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Topic 6: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Topic 7: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium |
| Topic 8: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
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NEW QUESTION # 58
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 59
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 60
What is the correct statement about the masquerading feature?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Masquerading performs source network address translation for qualifying traffic that leaves the cluster.
Because pod addresses are often private and not routable by the external network, Cilium replaces the pod's source address with an address belonging to the egress node. Return traffic can then reach that node, which reverses the translation and delivers the response to the originating pod. B correctly summarizes this behavior.
Masquerading is a form of SNAT, not DNAT. DNAT modifies the destination address, commonly to direct incoming traffic toward another endpoint, so C is incorrect.
Cilium documents its eBPF-based masquerading implementation as the more efficient implementation. The iptables version is the legacy alternative, making A false. Conversely, eBPF masquerading depends on appropriate kernel eBPF capabilities and Cilium's BPF NodePort functionality. It cannot be assumed to work on every kernel version, so D is false. The legacy iptables implementation is the mode documented as broadly working across kernel versions.
Cilium can exclude natively routable CIDRs from masquerading, and administrators may configure separate IPv4 and IPv6 masquerading behavior.
Official references
Cilium Masquerading , Cilium System Requirements
Study Guide topic: SNAT, native-routing exclusions, and eBPF versus iptables masquerading.
NEW QUESTION # 61
Among the definitions provided for the entities host, remote-node, cluster, and all, which description is accurate in the context of Cilium network policy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The host entity represents the local node on which the selected Cilium endpoint resides. It also includes processes and containers using the local host network namespace. Therefore, A reproduces the official entity definition accurately.
The remote-node entity does not represent arbitrary unmanaged endpoints. It represents hosts other than the local node across the local cluster and connected clusters, including host-networked containers on those nodes. Unmanaged endpoints instead have the reserved unmanaged identity.
Option C gives the definition of the separate kube-apiserver entity, not cluster . The cluster entity is the logical collection of endpoints and reserved identities inside the local cluster, including Cilium-managed endpoints, unmanaged local endpoints, hosts, remote nodes, health, ingress, initialization, and kube-apiserver identities. Current documentation separately provides a cluster-mesh entity for endpoints in connected clusters.
Option D confuses all with world . world represents endpoints outside the cluster. all covers all identities and is not simply equivalent to the IPv4 CIDR 0.0.0.0/0 , particularly in identity-aware, node, and IPv6 contexts.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 Policy Entities , Cilium Reserved Identities
Study Guide topic: Reserved entities and identity-based Layer 3 policies.
NEW QUESTION # 62
Which command is used to enable logging at the debug log level of Cilium agents7
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
cilium config set debug true follows the supported Cilium CLI configuration syntax and sets the debug configuration key to true . The cilium config set command accepts a key/value pair and, by default, restarts the Cilium pods so that the changed configuration is applied. The Cilium configuration documentation defines debug as the setting that enables full debug mode. This increases agent logging verbosity and causes eBPF programs to emit additional visibility events for diagnostic use.
Options A, B, and D do not match documented Cilium CLI command structures. There is no cilium log level
--set=debug command in the Cilium CLI hierarchy, and neither cilium logging.level=debug nor cilium logging debug is valid configuration syntax. A Helm-managed installation may also enable debugging through the chart value debug.enabled=true , but that does not make any of the alternative commands correct.
Debug mode should be enabled deliberately because it increases log volume and may generate additional datapath visibility information. After troubleshooting, operators should normally restore the previous setting to avoid unnecessary operational overhead.
The supplied answer key incorrectly identifies B. The verified answer is C.
Official references
Cilium configuration ; Cilium CLI `config set` ; Helm values .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 63
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