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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| Topic 2: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Topic 3: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility - Hubble CLI and UI |
| Topic 4: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Topic 5: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Topic 6: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| Topic 7: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Topic 8: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
IT業種で仕事している皆さんが現在最も受験したい認定試験はLinux Foundationの認定試験のようですね。広く認証されている認証試験として、Linux Foundationの試験はますます人気があるようになっています。その中で、Cilium-Associate認定試験が最も重要な一つです。この試験の認定資格はあなたが高い技能を身につけていることも証明できます。しかし、試験の大切さと同じ、この試験も非常に難しいです。試験に合格するのは少し大変ですが、心配しないでくださいよ。TopexamはCilium-Associate認定試験に合格することを助けてあげますから。
質問 # 60
Please review the output of cilium status below and answer the question that follows. Please note, the output has been modified for accessibility purposes.
Question 2 cilium status exhibit
Assume the cluster is healthy. What is correct about the ci 1 ium status command output above?
正解：C
解説：
Technical explanation
The status output shows Envoy DaemonSet: disabled (using embedded mode) . In embedded mode, Cilium starts Envoy as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod when a feature requiring Layer 7 processing- such as an L7 network policy, protocol visibility, Ingress, or Gateway API-is used. This is precisely the behavior described in option B.
The remaining choices contradict the exhibit. The Cilium DaemonSet has a desired count of three, which ordinarily indicates three schedulable nodes running Cilium, not four. Hubble Relay: OK means the aggregation component is healthy. Hubble Relay connects to the Hubble instances associated with Cilium agents and presents a multi-node API to clients such as Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. Finally, ClusterMesh:
disabled rules out the claim that the installation is currently configured for Cilium Cluster Mesh service discovery and cross-cluster load balancing.
Cilium can alternatively run Envoy through the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. That is not the deployment displayed here because the DaemonSet is explicitly disabled and embedded mode is reported.
Official references
Envoy deployment modes ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
質問 # 61
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
正解：D
解説：
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
質問 # 62
Why is the iptables implementation of kube-proxy less scalable than eBPF?
正解：D
解説：
Technical explanation
B expresses the principal scalability distinction intended by the question. In kube-proxy's iptables mode, Kubernetes Services and endpoints are represented by chains of netfilter rules. As the number of Services and backends grows, rule creation, synchronization, and packet traversal can involve increasingly large rule sets.
Matching through those chains is generally described as having linear scaling characteristics.
Cilium's kube-proxy replacement stores service and backend state in eBPF maps. Hash-map lookups allow the datapath to locate service entries without sequentially scanning a rule for every Service, providing effectively constant-time lookup behavior for the relevant map operations. This makes the approach better suited to large and frequently changing Kubernetes environments.
Option A is false because iptables and netfilter also operate within the Linux kernel. Option C is false because kube-proxy's iptables implementation supports IPv6 when the surrounding Kubernetes and host configuration supports it. Option D does not explain kube-proxy's primary scaling limitation and introduces an unrelated SmartNIC/XDP claim.
The constant-time description is a useful architectural simplification; total performance still depends on map sizing, backend selection, connection tracking, and kernel behavior.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath , Cilium Tuning Guide
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF maps, and datapath scalability.
質問 # 63
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
正解：D
解説：
Technical explanation
In Cilium's default policy-enforcement mode, an endpoint initially permits ingress and egress traffic.
Enforcement changes independently for each direction when a policy selects that endpoint. If a selecting rule contains an ingress section, the endpoint enters default-deny mode for ingress. If a selecting rule contains an egress section, it enters default-deny mode for egress. Only traffic explicitly permitted by the applicable policy rules remains allowed in the restricted direction.
This per-direction behavior is important. An ingress-only policy does not automatically restrict egress, and an egress-only policy does not automatically restrict ingress. Options A and B reverse the relationship between the rule section and the direction being enforced. Option C incorrectly states that selection places the endpoint into default-allow mode; default allow describes the endpoint's condition before it is selected by an enforcing policy.
Cilium also supports always and never enforcement modes. In always , enforcement applies even to endpoints not selected by policy. In never , policy enforcement is disabled. Policies can additionally use enableDefaultDeny for specialized visibility configurations, but those controls do not change the normal default behavior described in the question.
Official references
Policy Enforcement Modes .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
質問 # 64
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
正解：D
解説：
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
質問 # 65
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