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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Introduction to Ethical Hacking | - Ethical hacking concepts and methodology |
| Topic 2: Network Attacks | - Sniffing and session hijacking - Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS) |
| Topic 3: Cryptography | - Encryption, hashing, and cryptanalysis |
| Topic 4: Cloud and IoT Security | - IoT security fundamentals - Cloud computing security concepts |
| Topic 5: Reconnaissance Techniques | - Footprinting and information gathering - Scanning networks and enumeration |
| Topic 6: Wireless and Mobile Security | - Mobile platform vulnerabilities - Wireless network attacks |
| Topic 7: Web and Application Security | - Web application hacking techniques |
| Topic 8: System Hacking | - Malware threats and system exploitation - Gaining access and privilege escalation |
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NEW QUESTION # 44
Bob was recently hired by a medical company after it experienced a major cyber security breach.
Many patients are complaining that their personal medical records are fully exposed on the Internet and someone can find them with a simple Google search. Bob's boss is very worried because of regulations that protect those data. Which of the following regulations is mostly violated?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 45
A financial technology firm in Atlanta, Georgia launches an internal investigation after multiple employees report that a popular messaging application on their Android devices has begun displaying excessive advertisements and behaving unpredictably.
Security analysts discover that users had installed a utility application from a third-party marketplace weeks earlier. Further examination shows that this application silently replaced certain legitimate apps already present on the device. The compromised applications were then used to generate large volumes of advertisements and collect user data for external transmission.
Based on the observed behavior, what malware is most consistent with this incident?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Agent Smith.
Agent Smith is an Android malware family known for abusing infected applications to silently replace legitimate installed apps with malicious versions. After replacement, the compromised apps can display fraudulent advertisements and collect or transmit user-related data.
CEH-aligned mobile security material explains that mobile malware targets mobile devices to steal personal data, and that installing applications from untrusted sources increases the risk of malware intrusion . It also explains that Android applications consist of components such as activities, services, broadcast receivers, content providers, and manifest files, which malware can abuse to run background behavior and interact with other applications .
Option A. GoldPickaxe is incorrect because GoldPickaxe is associated with mobile banking and identity- related theft activity, not the classic app-replacement and ad-fraud behavior described.
Option C. Pegasus is incorrect because Pegasus is advanced spyware focused on surveillance and data extraction, not primarily replacing installed apps to generate advertisements.
Option D. Mamont is incorrect because Mamont is associated with Android banking/social engineering fraud activity, not the described app-replacement adware behavior.
Therefore, the best answer is B. Agent Smith.
NEW QUESTION # 46
You're the security manager for a tech company that uses a database to store sensitive customer data. You have implemented countermeasures against SQL injection attacks. Recently, you noticed some suspicious activities and suspect an attacker is using SQL injection techniques. The attacker is believed to use different forms of payloads in his SQL queries. In the case of a successful SQL injection attack, which of the following payloads would have the most significant impact?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The payload that would have the most significant impact in the case of a successful SQL injection attack is OR 'a'='a; DROP TABLE members; --. This payload combines the manipulation of the WHERE clause with a destructive action, causing data loss. This payload works as follows:
* The OR 'a'='a part of the payload is a logical expression that is always true, regardless of the input or the condition of the SQL statement. This part of the payload allows the attacker to bypass any authentication or authorization checks that may be implemented in the SQL statement, such as a login form or a search query.
* The ; part of the payload is a statement terminator that marks the end of the current SQL statement and allows the attacker to inject another SQL statement after it. This part of the payload enables the attacker to execute multiple SQL statements in a single query, which is also known as stacked queries or batched queries.
* The DROP TABLE members part of the payload is a destructive SQL statement that deletes the entire table named members from the database. This part of the payload causes data loss and may compromise the functionality and integrity of the application that relies on the table. The table name may vary depending on the target database, but the attacker can use other techniques, such as error-based or union-based SQL injection, to discover the table names before executing the drop statement.
* The - part of the payload is a comment symbol that tells the SQL engine to ignore the rest of the query.
This part of the payload helps the attacker to avoid any syntax errors or unwanted results that may arise from the original query.
The other options are not as impactful as option C for the following reasons:
* A. 'OR 'T="1: This payload manipulates the WHERE clause of an SQL statement, allowing the attacker to view unauthorized data. This payload is a common and basic SQL injection technique that injects a logical expression that is always true, such as 'OR 'T="1 or 'OR 1=1, to bypass the authentication or authorization checks of the SQL statement. This payload can allow the attacker to view data that they are not supposed to, such as user credentials, personal information, or financial records. However, this payload does not cause any data loss or modification, and it does not affect the functionality or integrity of the application.
* B. 'OR username LIKE '%: This payload uses the LIKE operator to search for a specific pattern in a column. This payload is a variation of the previous payload that injects a logical expression that is always true, such as 'OR username LIKE '% or 'OR 1 LIKE '%, to bypass the authentication or authorization checks of the SQL statement. The LIKE operator is used to compare a value with a pattern that may contain wildcard characters, such as % or _, which match any string or character. This payload can allow the attacker to view data that matches the pattern, such as usernames that start with a certain letter or contain a certain substring. However, this payload does not cause any data loss or modification, and it does not affect the functionality or integrity of the application.
* D. UNION SELECT NULL, NULL, NULL - : This payload manipulates the UNION SQL operator, enabling the attacker to retrieve data from different database tables. This payload is an advanced SQL injection technique that injects the UNION SQL operator to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements into a single result set, which is then returned as part of the HTTP response. The UNION operator can be used to join the results from different tables that have the same number and type of columns. The NULL values are used to match the column types and avoid any errors. This payload can allow the attacker to retrieve data from tables that are not intended to be accessed by the application, such as system tables, configuration tables, or backup tables. However, this payload does not cause any data loss or modification, and it does not affect the functionality or integrity of the application.
References:
* 1: SQL Injection - OWASP Foundation
* 2: SQL Injection Payloads: How SQLi exploits work - Bright Security
* 3: SQL Injection - HackTricks
NEW QUESTION # 47
A retail brand based in San Diego, California, authorized a controlled mobile security exercise to evaluate risks associated with third-party application distribution channels.
Testers acquired a version of the company's customer rewards application from an unofficial marketplace frequently used by overseas customers. The application's visual layout and functionality were indistinguishable from the officially released version available in mainstream app stores.
Behavioral monitoring conducted in a sandbox environment revealed that, in addition to its normal operations, the application initiated outbound connections unrelated to its documented features. A binary comparison against the vendor-supplied build confirmed structural differences between the two versions.
What mobile-based social engineering technique does this scenario most accurately represent?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Repackaging Legitimate Apps after modifying their internal structure.
The scenario states that the application looks and behaves like the legitimate rewards app, but binary comparison shows structural differences and sandbox monitoring reveals unauthorized outbound connections.
This means the original legitimate application was modified and redistributed through an unofficial marketplace.
CEH mobile social engineering material defines repackaging legitimate apps as an attack where the attacker downloads a legitimate application, modifies it to contain malware, and uploads the repackaged version to a third-party app store for users to download . Another CEH reference explains that repackaged applications may be distributed through third-party stores and can send credentials or other data to an attacker-controlled server .
Option A. SMiShing is incorrect because no fraudulent SMS message is involved.
Option C. Fake Security Applications is incorrect because the app is not pretending to be a security tool.
Option D. Publishing Malicious Apps is close, but that usually refers to creating a malicious app that merely imitates a trusted brand. The binary comparison confirms this is a modified version of the legitimate app, making repackaging more accurate.
Therefore, the best answer is B. Repackaging Legitimate Apps after modifying their internal structure.
NEW QUESTION # 48
John is investigating web-application firewall logs and observers that someone is attempting to inject the following:
char buff[10];
buff[>o] - 'a':
What type of attack is this?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Buffer overflow this attack is an anomaly that happens when software writing data to a buffer overflows the buffer's capacity, leading to adjacent memory locations being overwritten. In other words, an excessive amount of information is being passed into a container that doesn't have enough space, which information finishes up replacing data in adjacent containers.
Buffer overflows are often exploited by attackers with a goal of modifying a computer's memory so as to undermine or take hold of program execution.
What's a buffer?
A buffer, or data buffer, is a neighborhood of physical memory storage wont to temporarily store data while it' s being moved from one place to a different . These buffers typically sleep in RAM memory. Computers frequently use buffers to assist improve performance; latest hard drives cash in of buffering to efficiently access data, and lots of online services also use buffers. for instance , buffers are frequently utilized in online video streaming to stop interruption. When a video is streamed, the video player downloads and stores perhaps 20% of the video at a time during a buffer then streams from that buffer. This way, minor drops in connection speed or quick service disruptions won't affect the video stream performance.
Buffers are designed to contain specific amounts of knowledge . Unless the program utilizing the buffer has built-in instructions to discard data when an excessive amount of is shipped to the buffer, the program will overwrite data in memory adjacent to the buffer.
Buffer overflows are often exploited by attackers to corrupt software. Despite being well-understood, buffer overflow attacks are still a serious security problem that torment cyber-security teams. In 2014 a threat referred to as 'heartbleed' exposed many many users to attack due to a buffer overflow vulnerability in SSL software.
How do attackers exploit buffer overflows?
An attacker can deliberately feed a carefully crafted input into a program which will cause the program to undertake and store that input during a buffer that isn't large enough, overwriting portions of memory connected to the buffer space. If the memory layout of the program is well-defined, the attacker can deliberately overwrite areas known to contain executable code. The attacker can then replace this code together with his own executable code, which may drastically change how the program is meant to figure .
For example if the overwritten part in memory contains a pointer (an object that points to a different place in memory) the attacker's code could replace that code with another pointer that points to an exploit payload.
this will transfer control of the entire program over to the
attacker's code.
NEW QUESTION # 49
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