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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Airway, Respiration & Ventilation | - Airway management
|
| Topic 2: EMS Operations | - Operational procedures
|
| Topic 3: Cardiology & Resuscitation | - Cardiac emergencies
|
| Topic 4: Trauma | - Traumatic injuries
|
| Topic 5: Medical, Obstetrics & Pediatrics | - Medical emergencies
|
>> Official EMT Study Guide <<
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NEW QUESTION # 26
An 11-month-old patient has difficulty breathing. Which of the following findings would indicate respiratory failure to the EMT?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is C. Bradycardia.
In pediatric patients, it is critical to distinguish between respiratory distress and respiratory failure.
* Respiratory distress includes early compensatory signs such as:
* Intercostal retractions
* Audible wheezes
* Tachypnea
These findings indicate that the child is still attempting to compensate and maintain adequate oxygenation.
* Respiratory failure, however, represents a late and life-threatening stage where the child can no longer maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation.
Bradycardia is a key late sign of respiratory failure in infants and children and indicates severe hypoxia and impending cardiac arrest.
According to NREMT-aligned educational material:
* "Bradycardia in pediatric patients is often the result of hypoxia."
* "Late signs of respiratory failure include decreased mental status and bradycardia." Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Intercostal retractions: Early sign of respiratory distress (increased work of breathing)
* B. Audible wheezes: Indicates airway narrowing, typically seen in distress
* D. Tachypnea: Early compensatory mechanism to improve oxygenation
NREMT guidance emphasizes:
* "Increased work of breathing and abnormal breath sounds are signs of respiratory distress, not failure." Exact Extracts:
* "Bradycardia in pediatric patients is usually caused by hypoxia."
* "Late signs of respiratory failure include bradycardia and decreased mental status."
* "Retractions and tachypnea are signs of respiratory distress."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies Standard EMT Text (aligned with NREMT): Airway Management and Pediatrics
NEW QUESTION # 27
A 65-year-old patient with a history of angina reports chest pain and shortness of breath after playing golf.
The patient stated the pain began one hour ago and has not stopped with rest. The vital signs are BP 86/64, P
112, R 22, and SpO# 89% on room air. Which of the following actions should the EMT do next?
Answer: A
Explanation:
This is a high-risk cardiac event due to unstable angina or possible myocardial infarction. The EMT should:
* Administer oxygen if SpO# is < 94%
* Avoid nitroglycerin if systolic BP is < 90 mmHg
* Obtain a 12-lead ECG to identify ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and transmit it if trained and authorized CPAP is indicated for pulmonary edema, and albuterol is for bronchospasm, neither of which applies here.
References:
AHA ACLS and BLS Guidelines - ACS Management
NREMT Cardiology Guidelines - Chest Pain/MI
National EMS Education Standards - Cardiovascular Emergencies and ECG Recognition
NEW QUESTION # 28
In an MCI, a 32-year-old patient is unresponsive and not breathing. Which of the following interventions should the EMT perform first?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is B because during mass-casualty incident (MCI) triage , the EMT follows a rapid assessment approach (such as START triage). For an unresponsive, non-breathing patient, the first step is to open the airway to determine if breathing resumes.
NREMT-aligned triage principles emphasize that if the patient begins breathing after airway repositioning
, they are categorized as immediate. If they do not begin breathing , they are tagged as deceased/expectant, and no further resuscitation (like CPR) is initiated during triage.
Therefore, airway opening is the first and most critical step in this scenario.
NEW QUESTION # 29
A 19-year-old patient has received multiple stab wounds. The patient is unresponsive. The vital signs are BP
82/60, P 116, R 28, and SpO2 86%. Which substance would the EMT expect to increase in the patient ' s body?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The patient is in hypoperfusion (shock) from blood loss. In shock states, tissues are deprived of oxygen, leading to anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid as a byproduct. This causes metabolic acidosis, which is a critical sign of systemic oxygen debt.
Carbon dioxide rises with respiratory failure, but lactic acid is a more specific indicator of cellular hypoxia.
References:
NREMT Medical Emergencies: Shock
Brady Emergency Care, Chapter: Shock and Resuscitation
Advanced EMT Curriculum - Pathophysiology of Shock
NEW QUESTION # 30
A 9-year-old patient who was injured in an MCI is brought to the treatment area with a delayed triage tag. Which of the following signs or symptoms would the EMT expect to find? Select the three correct options.
Answer: B,C,D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
In pediatric START orJumpSTARTtriage, a "delayed" status is appropriate if the child is breathing adequately, has palpable pulses, and follows commands. The respiratory rate of 16 is normal for a 9-year-old, and being able to walk also supports the "delayed" tag.
"Mottled skin" and "breathing only after airway opening" would more likely lead to "immediate" or even
"expectant" categories depending on associated symptoms.
References:
JumpSTART Pediatric MCI Triage Algorithm
National EMS Education Standards - Triage
PALS Provider Manual (American Heart Association)
NEW QUESTION # 31
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