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Linux Foundation KCNA Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionWeightObjectives
Cloud Native Observability8%- Logging
  • 1. Centralized Logging (Fluentd, Elasticsearch, Kibana)
  • 2. Kubernetes Logging Architecture
- Monitoring and Metrics
  • 1. Prometheus and Metrics Collection
  • 2. Dashboards and Visualization (Grafana)
- Tracing
  • 1. Distributed Tracing Concepts (OpenTelemetry, Jaeger)
Cloud Native Application Delivery8%- CI/CD
  • 1. Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery Pipelines
  • 2. Artifact Management and Image Registries
- Deployment Strategies
  • 1. Blue/Green, Canary, Rolling Updates
- GitOps
  • 1. Tools (Argo CD, Flux)
  • 2. GitOps Principles and Workflow
Container Orchestration22%- Container Runtimes
  • 1. Docker, containerd, CRI-O
- Networking
  • 1. CoreDNS and Service Networking
  • 2. Kubernetes Networking Model
- Service Mesh
  • 1. Service Mesh Concepts (Istio, Linkerd)
  • 2. Sidecar Pattern and Traffic Management
- Orchestration Fundamentals
  • 1. Self-healing and Rolling Updates
  • 2. Service Discovery and Load Balancing
  • 3. Scheduling and Resource Management
- Security
  • 1. RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
  • 2. Network Policies
  • 3. Pod Security Standards (Admission Control)
- Storage
  • 1. Storage Classes and Dynamic Provisioning
  • 2. Volumes, PersistentVolumes (PV), PersistentVolumeClaims (PVC)
Kubernetes Fundamentals46%- Kubernetes Resources
  • 1. Configuration Resources (ConfigMaps, Secrets)
  • 2. Workload Resources (Pods, Deployments, StatefulSets, DaemonSets, ReplicaSets, Jobs, CronJobs)
  • 3. Networking Resources (Services, Ingress)
- Kubernetes Architecture
  • 1. Control Plane Components (API Server, etcd, Scheduler, Controller Manager)
  • 2. Worker Node Components (Kubelet, Kube-proxy, Container Runtime)
- Kubernetes API
  • 1. Declarative Management (Manifests/YAML)
  • 2. API Resource Structure and Versioning
- Scheduling
  • 1. Node Selection and Affinity
  • 2. Resource Requests and Limits
  • 3. Taints and Tolerations
- Containers
  • 1. Container Runtime Interface (CRI)
  • 2. Basic kubectl Commands
  • 3. Container Images and Registries
Cloud Native Architecture16%- Cloud Native Landscape
  • 1. CNCF Project Categories (Sandbox, Incubating, Graduated)
  • 2. CNCF Role and Governance
- Architecture Concepts
  • 1. Autoscaling (HPA, VPA, Cluster Autoscaler)
  • 2. Microservices Architecture
  • 3. Serverless and FaaS
  • 4. Elasticity and Resilience
- Infrastructure and Practices
  • 1. Immutable Infrastructure
  • 2. Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
  • 3. DevOps Practices and Culture

>> KCNA新版題庫上線 <<

KCNA證照信息，KCNA真題材料

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最新的 Kubernetes Cloud Native Associate KCNA 免費考試真題 (Q38-Q43):

問題 #38
Which Kubernetes resource creates Kubernetes Jobs?

答案：C

解題說明：
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/


問題 #39
What is the primary mechanism to identify grouped objects in a Kubernetes cluster?

答案：A

解題說明：
Kubernetes groups and organizes objects primarily using labels, so B is correct. Labels are key-value pairs attached to objects (Pods, Deployments, Services, Nodes, etc.) and are intended to be used for identifying, selecting, and grouping resources in a flexible, user-defined way.
Labels enable many core Kubernetes behaviors. For example, a Service selects the Pods that should receive traffic by matching a label selector against Pod labels. A Deployment's ReplicaSet similarly uses label selectors to determine which Pods belong to the replica set. Operators and platform tooling also rely on labels to group resources by application, environment, team, or cost center. This is why labeling is considered foundational Kubernetes hygiene: consistent labels make automation, troubleshooting, and governance easier.
A "label selector" (option C) is how you query/group objects based on labels, but the underlying primary mechanism is still the labels themselves. Without labels applied to objects, selectors have nothing to match.
Custom Resources (option A) extend the API with new kinds, but they are not the primary grouping mechanism across the cluster. "Pod" (option D) is a workload unit, not a grouping mechanism.
Practically, Kubernetes recommends common label keys like app.kubernetes.io/name, app.kubernetes.io
/instance, and app.kubernetes.io/part-of to standardize grouping. Those conventions improve interoperability with dashboards, GitOps tooling, and policy engines.
So, when the question asks for the primary mechanism used to identify grouped objects in Kubernetes, the most accurate answer is Labels (B)-they are the universal metadata primitive used to group and select resources.
=========


問題 #40
What fields must exist in any Kubernetes object (e.g. YAML) file?

答案：C


問題 #41
Which of the following options includes valid API versions?

答案：A


問題 #42
What is the primary mechanism to identify grouped objects in a Kubernetes cluster?

答案：A

解題說明：
Kubernetes groups and organizes objects primarily using labels, so B is correct. Labels are key-value pairs attached to objects (Pods, Deployments, Services, Nodes, etc.) and are intended to be used for identifying, selecting, and grouping resources in a flexible, user-defined way.
Labels enable many core Kubernetes behaviors. For example, a Service selects the Pods that should receive traffic by matching a label selector against Pod labels. A Deployment's ReplicaSet similarly uses label selectors to determine which Pods belong to the replica set. Operators and platform tooling also rely on labels to group resources by application, environment, team, or cost center. This is why labeling is considered foundational Kubernetes hygiene: consistent labels make automation, troubleshooting, and governance easier.
A "label selector" (option C) is how you query/group objects based on labels, but the underlying primary mechanism is still the labels themselves. Without labels applied to objects, selectors have nothing to match. Custom Resources (option A) extend the API with new kinds, but they are not the primary grouping mechanism across the cluster. "Pod" (option D) is a workload unit, not a grouping mechanism.
Practically, Kubernetes recommends common label keys like app.kubernetes.io/name, app.kubernetes.io/instance, and app.kubernetes.io/part-of to standardize grouping. Those conventions improve interoperability with dashboards, GitOps tooling, and policy engines.
So, when the question asks for the primary mechanism used to identify grouped objects in Kubernetes, the most accurate answer is Labels (B)-they are the universal metadata primitive used to group and select resources.


問題 #43
......

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