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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Leadership Theories | - Behavioral approaches - Contemporary leadership perspectives - Contingency theories - Transformational vs transactional leadership - Trait approaches to leadership |
| Group Behavior and Dynamics | - Power and political behavior - Team building and teamwork - Group development stages - Conflict and negotiation - Group structure and roles |
| Organizational Structure and Culture | - Organizational structure types - Organizational design principles - Organizational change and development - Organizational communication - Organizational culture dimensions |
| Individual Behavior and Personality | - Attitudes and job satisfaction - Personality traits and theories - Perception and attribution - Motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom) - Individual decision-making |
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質問 # 10
If a work group's goal is to share information, what is a work team's goal?
正解:C
解説:
In Organizational Behavior, a critical distinction is made between a "work group" and a "work team". A work group is a collection of individuals who interact primarily to share information and make decisions to help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility. In a work group, there is no particular need or opportunity for collective work that requires joint effort; therefore, their performance is merely the summation of each group member's individual contribution.
A work team, however, is a group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of those individual inputs. The fundamental goal of a work team iscollective performance. While work groups focus on individual accountability and sharing information to assist individual tasks, work teams focus on mutual accountability and synergy. This synergy allows the team to achieve a level of output that exceeds what the members could accomplish alone. For a team to be effective, it requires a mix of complementary skills-technical, problem-solving, and interpersonal-directed toward a common purpose and specific performance goals. Managers transition from groups to teams when the task at hand is complex enough that it requires the coordinated, collective effort of multiple people rather than just a series of independent tasks.
Therefore, the shift from "sharing information" (group) to "collective performance" (team) represents a significant increase in the interdependence of the members.
質問 # 11
What are two of the three forces that play a particularly important role in sustaining an organization's culture?
正解:B
解説:
Once a culture is in place, certain practices within the organization act to maintain it by exposing employees to a set of similar experiences. Three forces play a particularly important role in sustaining a culture: selection practices, theactions of top management, and thesocialization process.
Theactions of top managementare crucial because through what they say and how they behave, senior executives establish norms that filter down through the organization. For example, their reactions to crises or how they reward performance send clear signals about what is truly valued. Thesocialization processis the method by which the organization helps new employees adapt to its culture. Even if an organization hires the
"right" people during selection, they must still be taught the specific values and customs of the firm.
Socialization ensures that the culture is transmitted consistently from one generation of employees to the next, maintaining the organization's unique identity over time.
質問 # 12
A team was assigned a project. Halfway through the project, however, it became obvious that the team was failing to meet expectations. Management had made sure that individuals assigned to the team had strong technical expertise as well as problem-solving and decision-making skills. However, other abilities for effective teamwork were overlooked. Which ability necessary for team members was overlooked?
正解:C
解説:
To perform effectively, a team requires three different types of skills. First, it needs people with technical expertise to perform the task at hand. Second, it needs people with problem-solving and decision-making skills to be able to identify problems, generate alternatives, and make competent choices. Finally, and perhaps most importantly for group cohesion, a team needs people with stronginterpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills include effective listening, feedback, and conflict resolution.
In the scenario provided, the team had the "hard" skills (technical and analytical) but lacked the "soft" skills required to navigate the social complexities of working as a unit. Without interpersonal skills, a team may have the smartest individuals but still fail because they cannot communicate effectively or resolve the inevitable friction that arises during a long-term project. While "propensity for social loafing" is a behavior to avoid, and "authoritarian personality" is often a hindrance, the foundational "ability" cited in organizational behavior literature as a prerequisite for team success alongside technical and problem-solving skills is interpersonal competence.
質問 # 13
Three employees meet face-to-face to identify a problem and resolve it through open discussion. Which type of conflict resolution technique is this?
正解:B
解説:
Image of Conflict Management Grid
Conflict is an inherent part of group dynamics, and how it is managed determines whether the outcome is functional or dysfunctional. The scenario describes aProblem Solvingapproach (also known as collaborating or confronting). In this technique, the parties involved meet face-to-face with the explicit intent of identifying the underlying problem and resolving it through open, honest discussion. Unlike other methods that might avoid the issue or seek a quick "middle ground," problem solving seeks a "win-win" solution where the concerns of all parties are fully addressed.
Other techniques mentioned in the options serve different purposes:Smoothing(or accommodating) involves playing down differences to maintain surface-level harmony;Compromisingrequires each party to give up something of value; and theDevil's Advocaterole is a technique used to stimulate functional conflict by intentionally challenging the majority view. Because the employees are actively engaging in open discussion to find a root-cause resolution, it is classified as problem solving.
質問 # 14
How might a charismatic leader work to increase performance in an organization?
正解:A
解説:
Charismatic Leadership Theory suggests that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. The most fundamental way a charismatic leader increases performance is byarticulating an appealing vision. This vision serves as a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by making the future better than the status quo.
Image of Charismatic Leadership Characteristics
A charismatic leader does not just set goals; they provide a "vision statement"-a formal proclamation of an organization's mission-that they use to imprint on followers an overarching goal and purpose. They then communicate high-performance expectations and express confidence that followers can attain them, which enhances follower self-esteem. Unlike transactional leaders who rely on rewards or directive approaches, charismatic leaders use emotional appeal and personal risk-taking to inspire followers to go beyond their self- interest for the sake of the organization. This articulation of a "better future" is the primary engine of motivation in charismatic leadership.
質問 # 15
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