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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Service Discovery and Load Balancing - Multi-Cluster Connectivity |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility - Hubble CLI and UI |
| Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
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NEW QUESTION # 18
Which of these is true of Cilium Cluster Mesh and Network Policies?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cluster Mesh extends Cilium's identity-aware networking and policy enforcement across connected Kubernetes clusters. A CiliumNetworkPolicy can authorize communication with workloads in a particular remote cluster by selecting their workload labels together with the synthetic io.cilium.k8s.policy.cluster label.
Therefore, A accurately describes a direct network-policy function.
The policies themselves are not automatically copied between clusters. Administrators remain responsible for applying the required policy resources in the appropriate clusters, but enforcement can select and govern remote endpoints once Cluster Mesh has propagated their identities.
Option B confuses authorization with transport encryption. WireGuard or IPsec configuration enables transparent encryption; it is not established by a network-policy rule. Option C is also separate from policy enforcement: cross-cluster load balancing is configured through global-service facilities and service annotations, not through CiliumNetworkPolicy . Option D is incorrect under current documentation because Cilium mutual authentication does not provide a single trust domain spanning Cluster Mesh clusters and is not presently compatible with that multi-cluster arrangement.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Network Policy , Cluster Mesh Services , Mutual Authentication Limitations Study Guide topic: Cross-cluster identity, endpoint selection, and policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Why is the iptables implementation of kube-proxy less scalable than eBPF?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B expresses the principal scalability distinction intended by the question. In kube-proxy's iptables mode, Kubernetes Services and endpoints are represented by chains of netfilter rules. As the number of Services and backends grows, rule creation, synchronization, and packet traversal can involve increasingly large rule sets.
Matching through those chains is generally described as having linear scaling characteristics.
Cilium's kube-proxy replacement stores service and backend state in eBPF maps. Hash-map lookups allow the datapath to locate service entries without sequentially scanning a rule for every Service, providing effectively constant-time lookup behavior for the relevant map operations. This makes the approach better suited to large and frequently changing Kubernetes environments.
Option A is false because iptables and netfilter also operate within the Linux kernel. Option C is false because kube-proxy's iptables implementation supports IPv6 when the surrounding Kubernetes and host configuration supports it. Option D does not explain kube-proxy's primary scaling limitation and introduces an unrelated SmartNIC/XDP claim.
The constant-time description is a useful architectural simplification; total performance still depends on map sizing, backend selection, connection tracking, and kernel behavior.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath , Cilium Tuning Guide
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF maps, and datapath scalability.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
NEW QUESTION # 21
If you are required to block ingress traffic from external IPs for all pods in your cluster, which of the following network policies would be the best fit?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A cluster-wide requirement is best implemented with CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy , whose correct resource spelling is CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy . Unlike a namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicy , this Cilium CRD is non-namespaced and can select endpoints across the entire cluster.
To deny external ingress for every Cilium-managed pod, a cluster-wide policy can use an empty endpointSelector and an ingressDeny rule selecting the world entity. Cilium defines world as network endpoints outside the cluster. An alternative allow-list construction can permit only the cluster entity, thereby excluding external sources, but an explicit deny rule usually communicates the requirement more directly.
A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy and a CiliumNetworkPolicy are namespaced, requiring repeated resources in every applicable namespace. CiliumGlobalPolicy is not a valid Cilium resource type. Although the option capitalizes "Wide" differently from the actual kind, D unmistakably identifies the intended cluster- scoped policy.
Official references
Cilium Deny Policies , Cilium Network Policy Types
Study Guide topic: Cluster-scoped policies, external traffic, and reserved entities.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Among the definitions provided for the entities host, remote-node, cluster, and all, which description is accurate in the context of Cilium network policy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The host entity represents the local node on which the selected Cilium endpoint resides. It also includes processes and containers using the local host network namespace. Therefore, A reproduces the official entity definition accurately.
The remote-node entity does not represent arbitrary unmanaged endpoints. It represents hosts other than the local node across the local cluster and connected clusters, including host-networked containers on those nodes. Unmanaged endpoints instead have the reserved unmanaged identity.
Option C gives the definition of the separate kube-apiserver entity, not cluster . The cluster entity is the logical collection of endpoints and reserved identities inside the local cluster, including Cilium-managed endpoints, unmanaged local endpoints, hosts, remote nodes, health, ingress, initialization, and kube-apiserver identities. Current documentation separately provides a cluster-mesh entity for endpoints in connected clusters.
Option D confuses all with world . world represents endpoints outside the cluster. all covers all identities and is not simply equivalent to the IPv4 CIDR 0.0.0.0/0 , particularly in identity-aware, node, and IPv6 contexts.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 Policy Entities , Cilium Reserved Identities
Study Guide topic: Reserved entities and identity-based Layer 3 policies.
NEW QUESTION # 23
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