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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle |
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Digital signatures: purpose and process - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - HMAC construction and application - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
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NEW QUESTION # 41
(Which attack maps hashed values to their original input data?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
A rainbow table attack uses large, precomputed tables that link hash outputs back to likely original inputs (typically passwords). Instead of storing every password#hash pair directly (which would be huge), rainbow tables store chains created by alternating hash operations with reduction functions, allowing attackers to reconstruct candidate plaintexts that produce a given hash. This makes cracking fast,ifthe target hashes are unsalted and use a known, fast hash function. Salt defeats rainbow tables because the attacker would need separate tables for each salt value, which becomes infeasible when salts are unique and sufficiently large. A dictionary attack is related but typically computes hashes on the fly from a wordlist rather than using precomputed chain structures. A birthday attack targets collisions, not mapping to original data. Brute-force tries all candidates without precomputation.
Because the question explicitly describes mapping hashed values back to original data via a precomputed approach, the correct choice is Rainbow table.
NEW QUESTION # 42
(What is the maximum key size (in bits) supported by AES?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
AES supports three standardized key sizes: 128, 192, and 256 bits, with a fixed block size of 128 bits.
The maximum of these supported key sizes is 256 bits (AES-256). Key size affects resistance to brute- force key search: larger keys exponentially increase the search space. In practice, AES-128 is already considered strong against brute force with contemporary computing capabilities, while AES-256 is often chosen for compliance requirements, conservative security margins, or to hedge against future advances. AES-512 is not part of the AES standard; if 512-bit keys are desired, systems typically use different constructions (like using AES-256 in certain key-derivation or wrapping schemes) rather than changing AES itself. Therefore, the correct maximum supported AES key size is 256 bits.
NEW QUESTION # 43
(What is the relationship between Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
TLS is the modern successor to SSL. SSL (notably SSL 2.0 and SSL 3.0) was an early protocol family for securing network communications, providing encryption, integrity, and endpoint authentication for applications like HTTPS. Over time, weaknesses were discovered in SSL's design and in the cryptographic mechanisms commonly used with it. TLS was introduced as an improved, standardized evolution (starting with TLS 1.0, based on SSL 3.0 but with important fixes), and later versions (TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3) significantly strengthened security by removing weak ciphers, improving key exchange, and tightening handshake and record protections. In practice, when people say "SSL" today, they often mean "TLS," but true SSL is deprecated and should not be used. SSL is not a replacement of TLS, and the two are not identical in security-TLS versions incorporate substantial improvements and modern cryptographic best practices. SSL is also not limited to email; it was widely used for web traffic and other protocols. Therefore, the correct relationship is that TLS replaced SSL to provide improved security.
NEW QUESTION # 44
(Which number generator has different results given the same input data?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
A true random number generator (TRNG) produces outputs derived from nondeterministic physical processes (e.g., thermal noise, oscillator jitter, radioactive decay, or other hardware entropy sources).
Because the underlying phenomenon is not algorithmically determined by an input seed in the same way as a PRNG, repeated "inputs" (or identical conditions from a software perspective) do not yield the same sequence; the outputs vary unpredictably. By contrast, a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is deterministic: given the same seed and internal state, it produces the same output sequence, which is useful for repeatability but means security depends on seed secrecy and proper seeding.
"Prime" is not a generator type, and "sequence" is too generic and does not imply nondeterminism. In cryptographic systems, TRNGs (or hardware entropy sources) are often used to seed cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs), combining high-quality entropy with efficient generation. Therefore, the generator that can produce different results for the "same input data" is a true random number generator.
NEW QUESTION # 45
(What is a component of a one-time password (OTP) that is needed to guess future iterations of passwords?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
OTP systems (such as HOTP and TOTP) generate a sequence of passwords using a shared secret and a moving factor (counter or time). The critical secret that underpins the ability to compute past or future OTP values is the seed (also called the shared secret key). In HOTP, the seed is used with an HMAC function and an incrementing counter; in TOTP, the seed is used with HMAC and a time-step value. If an attacker obtains the seed and knows the algorithm and moving factor, they can compute future OTPs. The "function" and "encryption algorithm" are typically standardized and public; security relies on keeping the seed secret. An initialization vector is not a standard OTP component in HOTP
/TOTP generation. Therefore, the component needed to predict future OTP values is the seed.
Protecting the seed is essential: it should be stored securely (e.g., hardware token secure storage) and transmitted only through controlled provisioning processes. If compromised, OTP becomes predictable and no longer serves as a strong second factor.
NEW QUESTION # 46
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