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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: IEEE 802.11 Network Operations | 15% | - Performance Optimization
|
| Topic 2: IEEE 802.11 Protocols and Devices | 20% | - CSMA/CA
|
| Topic 3: Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies | 15% | - RF Fundamentals
|
| Topic 4: IEEE 802.11 Regulations and Standards | 15% | - IEEE 802.11 Standards
|
| Topic 5: IEEE 802.11 Network Implementation | 20% | - Power over Ethernet (PoE)
|
| Topic 6: IEEE 802.11 Network Security | 15% | - Security Basics
|
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NEW QUESTION # 129
You are configuring an access point to use channel 128. What important fact should be considered about this channel?
Answer: A
Explanation:
It is a channel that may require DFS when used is an important fact that should be considered about channel 128. Channel 128 is a 5 GHz frequency band 20 MHz channel that has a center frequency of 5.64 GHz. Channel 128 is one of the channels that are subject to DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) rules, which require Wi-Fi devices to monitor and avoid using channels that are occupied by radar systems or other primary users. DFS is a feature that is defined in the IEEE 802.11h amendment and is mandated by some regulatory bodies, such as the FCC and the ETSI, to protect the licensed users of the 5 GHz band from interference by unlicensed Wi-Fi devices. DFS works by using a mechanism called channel availability check (CAC), which requires Wi-Fi devices to scan a channel for a certain period of time before using it. If a radar signal is detected during the CAC or while using the channel, the Wi-Fi devices must switch to another channel that is free from radar interference. When configuring an access point to use channel 128, it is important to consider the implications of DFS rules, such as:
The access point must support DFS and comply with the local regulations and standards that apply to DFS channels.
The access point may experience delays or interruptions in its operation due to CAC or channel switching.
The access point may have limited channel selection or availability due to radar interference or other Wi-Fi devices using DFS channels.
The access point may have compatibility or interoperability issues with some client devices that do not support DFS or use different DFS parameters.
The access point may have performance or quality issues due to co-channel or adjacent-channel interference from other Wi-Fi devices using non-DFS channels. Therefore, it is advisable to use channel 128 only when necessary and after performing a thorough site survey and spectrum analysis to determine the best channel for the access point.
NEW QUESTION # 130
What is appended to the end of each 802.11 data frame after the payload?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The FCS (Frame Check Sequence) is appended to the end of each 802.11 data frame after the payload. The FCS is a 4-byte field that contains a CRC-32 (Cyclic Redundancy Check) value that is calculated based on the contents of the MAC header and the payload of the frame. The FCS is used by the receiver to verify the integrity of the frame and to detect any errors or corruption that may have occurred during transmission. If the FCS does not match with the expected value, the frame is discarded by the receiver. References: , Chapter 4, page 139; , Section 4.2
NEW QUESTION # 131
You are using a site survey tool for post-implementation validation. You have installed the appropriate adapter driver and imported a floor plan. Now, you want to take the next step in proper tool use. What must you do before gathering survey data after the floor plan is imported?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Calibrating the floor plan is what you must do before gathering survey data after the floor plan is imported when using a site survey tool for post-implementation validation. A site survey tool is a software application that can run on a laptop, tablet, smartphone, or other device that has a Wi-Fi adapter and a GPS receiver. A site survey tool can scan the wireless environment and collect information about the detected access points and client stations, such as their SSID, BSSID, channel, signal strength, security, and data rate. A site survey tool can also measure and display various metrics of network performance, such as throughput, jitter, packet loss, delay, and SNR.
A site survey tool can also use a floor plan to visualize the wireless coverage and quality in different locations on a map. A floor plan is an image file that shows the layout and dimensions of a building or an area where the WLAN is deployed. A floor plan can be imported from various sources, such as a CAD file, a PDF file, an image file, or a Google Maps screenshot. After importing a floor plan into a site survey tool, it is necessary to calibrate the floor plan before gathering survey data. Calibrating the floor plan means adjusting the scale and orientation of the floor plan to match the actual size and direction of the area. Calibrating the floor plan can be done by using a reference point or a reference line that has a known distance or angle in the real world.
Calibrating the floor plan ensures that the survey data is accurate and consistent with the physical environment.
NEW QUESTION # 132
A client complains of low data rates on his computer. When you evaluate the situation, you see that the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an
802.11ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. What is the likely cause of the low data rate issue?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Weak signal strength is the likely cause of the low data rate issue for the client that has a signal strength of -84 dBm and a noise floor of -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an 802.11ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. Signal strength is the measure of how strong the RF signal is at the receiver.
Signal strength can affect the reliability and performance of the wireless connection, as well as the data rate and throughput of the traffic. The higher the signal strength, the better the signal quality and the higher the data rate. The lower the signal strength, the worse the signal quality and the lower the data rate.
The data rate of an 802.11ac connection depends on several factors, such as channel bandwidth, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), spatial streams, guard interval, and beamforming. However, these factors are also influenced by the signal strength, as they require a certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to operate properly.
SNR is the ratio of the signal strength to the noise floor, which is the measure of the background noise or interference in the RF environment. The higher the SNR, the more robust and efficient the communication.
The lower the SNR, the more prone and vulnerable to errors and retries.
According to the CWNA Official Study Guide , Table 3.7, page 112, an 802.11ac connection with a channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, an MCS of 9, two spatial streams, a short guard interval, and no beamforming can achieve a maximum data rate of 867 Mbps. However, this data rate requires a minimum SNR of 30 dB to maintain a sufficient signal quality. If the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm, then the SNR is only 12 dB (-84 dBm - (-96 dBm) = 12 dB), which is far below the required SNR for this data rate.
Therefore, the data rate will drop significantly to match the lower SNR and signal quality.
To solve this problem, the signal strength should be increased to improve the SNR and data rate. This can be done by adjusting the output power or channel assignment of the AP or client, relocating or reorienting some APs or antennas to reduce attenuation or interference, updating or replacing some faulty oroutdated hardware or software components, etc. References: , Chapter 3, page 112; , Section 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 133
You are performing a post-implementation validation survey. What basic tool can be used to easily locate areas of high co-channel interference?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A Wi-Fi scanner is a basic tool that can be used to easily locate areas of high co-channel interference. A Wi-Fi scanner is a software application that can run on a laptop, tablet, smartphone, or other device that has a Wi-Fi adapter. A Wi-Fi scanner can scan the wireless environment and display information about the detected access points and client stations, such as their SSID, BSSID, channel, signal strength, security, and data rate. A Wi-Fi scanner can also show the channel utilization and overlap of different access points, which can indicate the level of co-channel interference. Co-channel interference is a type of interference that occurs when multiple access points use the same or adjacent channels within the same coverage area. Co-channel interference can reduce the throughput and performance of the WLAN, as the access points and client stations have to contend for the channel access and avoid collisions. To identify areas of high co-channel interference, a Wi-Fi scanner can be used to measure the signal strength and channel utilization of different access points and compare them with a threshold or a baseline. Alternatively, a Wi-Fi scanner can also use a color-coded heat map to visualize the co-channel interference level in different locations. References: 1, Chapter 7, page
279; 2, Section 4.3
NEW QUESTION # 134
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