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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Microeconomics for Managers | - Supply and demand analysis - Elasticity and pricing decisions - Market structures and competition |
| Macroeconomic Environment | - GDP, inflation, and unemployment - Fiscal and monetary policy |
| Global Economics | - Global economic institutions and trade policy - International trade and comparative advantage - Exchange rates and currency systems |
| Managerial Economic Decision-Making | - Cost-benefit analysis in business contexts - Risk and uncertainty in global markets |
| Foundations of Economics | - Market systems and economic models - Scarcity, opportunity cost, and economic reasoning |
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質問 # 39
In which situation is the dodger strategy appropriate for responding to multinational enterprises (MNEs)?
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, thedodger strategyis appropriate whenindustry pressure to globalize is low and a firm's competitive assets are customized to its home market, making option D correct.
Under this strategy, firms avoid direct confrontation with multinational enterprises by focusing on niche markets, specialized products, or protected domestic segments. Since globalization pressure is weak, firms are not forced to expand internationally, and their localized assets give them an advantage at home.
Dodgers may also cooperate selectively with MNEs or operate in areas where global competition is limited.
This strategy minimizes risk and preserves firm-specific advantages without costly global expansion.
Options A and B align with extender strategies. Option C aligns with contender strategies.
Thus, option D correctly identifies when the dodger strategy is appropriate.
質問 # 40
What is one of the elements of the Porter Diamond in the theory of national competitive advantage of industries?
正解：A
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, one of the four core elements ofPorter's Diamond Model of National Competitive Advantageisdomestic demand conditions, making option C the correct answer. Michael Porter' s framework explains why certain industries within particular countries achieve international competitiveness, emphasizing the role of the national environment in shaping firm performance.
Domestic demand conditions refer to thenature, size, and sophistication of demand in the home market.
When domestic consumers are demanding, quality-conscious, and forward-looking, firms are pressured to innovate, improve product quality, and adopt advanced production methods. These pressures help firms develop capabilities that later become advantages in international markets. For example, firms accustomed to serving sophisticated domestic buyers are better prepared to compete globally.
Option A is incorrect because firm opportunity costs are a general microeconomic concept and are not part of the Porter Diamond. Option B is incorrect because the model emphasizesdomestic factor conditions, not foreign supply markets. Option D, trade deficits, is a macroeconomic outcome and does not explain the structural sources of competitive advantage within industries.
Global Economics for Managershighlights that Porter's Diamond consists of four interrelated determinants:
factor conditions, domestic demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. Among these, domestic demand conditions are particularly important because they influence the direction and pace of innovation. Strong home demand encourages firms to anticipate global trends rather than merely react to them.
For managers, understanding domestic demand conditions helps explain why firms from certain countries dominate specific global industries. Therefore, option C accurately identifies a key element of the Porter Diamond theory.
質問 # 41
What are common types of barriers to entry that can cause a monopoly? (Choose TWO.)
正解：A、D
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, monopolies arise whenbarriers to entryprevent potential competitors from entering a market. Two common barriers areeconomies of scaleandgovernment-granted exclusive rights, making options B and E correct.
Economies of scaleoccur when average costs decline as output increases. In industries with very high fixed costs, a single large firm can produce at a lower cost than multiple smaller firms. This discourages entry because new firms cannot compete efficiently at small scales, leading to monopoly outcomes.
Government regulations granting exclusive production rights-such as patents, licenses, or exclusive franchises-also create monopolies by legally preventing competition. These barriers are intentional and often justified to encourage innovation or ensure service provision.
Option A does not restrict entry. Option C may limit foreign competition but does not necessarily create a monopoly. Option D does not prevent entry. Option F may increase market concentration but is not a structural entry barrier itself.
Thus, options B and E are correct.
質問 # 42
Which term best describes an economic condition in which a nation exports more than it imports?
正解：C
解説：
A trade surplus occurs when a country exports more goods and services than it imports during a given period.
This means foreign buyers purchase more from the country than the country purchases from abroad. Option A is correct because it accurately describes a positive balance of trade. A trade deficit is the opposite condition, where imports exceed exports. Mercantilism is an older trade theory that emphasized accumulating wealth through exports and limiting imports, but it is not the term for the actual trade-balance condition. Resource mobility refers to the ability of labor, capital, or other resources to move from one use or industry to another.
For managers, trade surpluses can affect currency strength, export opportunities, and international competitiveness.
質問 # 43
Which statement best summarizes the overall economic effect of tariffs?
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, tariffs are shown toredistribute economic surplus, making option C correct. When a tariff is imposed, consumers lose surplus due to higher prices, while domestic producers gain surplus and the government collects tariff revenue.
However, the gains to producers and government do not fully offset consumer losses, resulting in deadweight loss. Thus, tariffs reduce total economic welfare even though certain groups benefit.
Options A, B, and D are incorrect.
Therefore, option C accurately summarizes the overall economic effect of tariffs.
質問 # 44
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