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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Algorithm Efficiency | - Choose an appropriate algorithm searching method based on a given scenario - Describe the relationships between algorithm complexity and data structures - Choose an appropriate sorting algorithm method based on a given scenario |
| Topic 2: Data Profiling | - Utilize a programming language to manipulate arrays and discover insights - Apply fundamental concepts and subsetting techniques to a dataset |
| Topic 3: OS Fundamentals | - Demonstrate various techniques and tools to manage operating systems - Identify common privacy and security concepts that could be implemented in operating systems - Describe fundamental principles and core concepts of operating systems |
| Topic 4: Basic Program Design | - Identify variables and data types within a programming language - Explain how to store, access, and manipulate data in lists - Use functions, methods, and packages to leverage programming language |
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NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the first step in the selection sort algorithm?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Selection sort works by growing a sorted portion of the list one element at a time. The algorithm conceptually divides the array into two regions: asorted prefixon the left and anunsorted suffixon the right. At the beginning, the sorted prefix is empty and the entire list is unsorted. The first step is to consider position 0 as the target location for the smallest element. The algorithm scans the unsorted region (initially the whole list) to find the smallest valueand records its index. That action is exactly what option C describes: determine the lowest value starting from the first position.
After identifying the minimum element, selection sort swaps it into position 0 (if it isn't already there). Then it repeats the process for position 1, scanning the remaining unsorted suffix to find the next smallest element, swapping it into place, and so on. Textbooks emphasize that the key characteristic of selection sort is the repeated "select min (or max) from unsorted region and place it into the sorted region." Option A is not the standard first step; finding both min and max is unnecessary. Option B describes an unrelated swap that doesn't ensure progress toward sorting. Option D is not a "first step" but rather a different ordering goal; selection sort can be adapted for descending order, but the canonical version begins by selecting the minimum for the first position.
NEW QUESTION # 25
What are Python functions that belong to specific Python objects?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In object-oriented programming, amethodis a function that is associated with an object (or its class) and is called using the dot operator. In Python, everything is an object, and many operations are provided through methods. For example, "hello".upper() calls the upper method of a str object, and [1, 2, 3].append(4) calls the append method of a list object. Textbooks emphasize that methods operate on an object's internal state and typically receive the object itself as an implicit first argument (commonly named self in class definitions).
This is what distinguishes methods from standalone functions.
Modules, scripts, and libraries are different organizational concepts. Amoduleis a file containing Python code, including function and class definitions. Ascriptis a Python program intended to be run directly. A libraryis a collection of modules that provides reusable functionality. None of these terms specifically mean
"functions that belong to objects."
Understanding methods matters because it connects to encapsulation and abstraction: objects provide behaviors (methods) that manipulate their data in well-defined ways. This design enables clearer APIs and supports polymorphism, where different object types can expose methods with the same name but different implementations. In Python, method calls are central to working with built-in types (strings, lists, dictionaries) and with user-defined classes, making "methods" the correct term for functions that belong to specific objects.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which type of sorting algorithm starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Selection sort is the algorithm that repeatedly scans the unsorted portion of a list to find the lowest (or highest) value and then places it into its correct position in the sorted portion. It begins at the first index (position 0) and treats that as the boundary between sorted and unsorted regions. On the first pass, it moves a scanning pointer through the entire list to determine the minimum element and swaps it into position 0. On the second pass, it starts from position 1, scans to the end to find the next minimum, and swaps it into position 1.
This continues until the list is sorted.
This matches the question's description: "starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value." Textbooks often describe selection sort with two indices: one for the current boundary position and one for scanning the remainder of the list to find the minimum. The algorithm is simple and uses O(1) extra space, but it is inefficient for large lists because it performs O(n²) comparisons regardless of input order.
The other options are not standard algorithm names in typical computer science curricula. While many sorting algorithms exist (insertion sort, merge sort, quicksort, heap sort), "incremental," "progressive," and "pointer sort" are not canonical textbook algorithms in this context. Therefore, the correct answer is selection sort.
NEW QUESTION # 27
What is the expected output of calling .shape on a NumPy 2D array?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In NumPy, every ndarray has a shape attribute that describes the size of the array along each dimension. For a
2D array, shape returns a tuple with two integers: (number_of_rows, number_of_columns). For example, if a
= np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), then a.shape is (2, 3), meaning 2 rows and 3 columns. This is a fundamental idea in matrix and array computing, because shape governs how indexing, slicing, broadcasting, and linear algebra operations behave.
Option A describes the dtype, which can be accessed with a.dtype, not a.shape. Option C is incorrect because shape provides per-dimension sizes, not their sum. Option D refers to the total number of elements, which NumPy provides via a.size (or equivalently np.prod(a.shape)).
Textbooks emphasize shape because many errors in numerical computing come from mismatched dimensions. For example, matrix multiplication requires compatible inner dimensions, and broadcasting rules depend on dimension sizes. By checking .shape, programmers can verify their data layout before applying algorithms, ensuring rows represent observations and columns represent features (or vice versa). Thus, for a 2D NumPy array, .shape indicates the number of rows and columns.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which Python command can be used to display the results of calculations?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In Python, the standard way to display output to the console is the built-in function print(). When a program performs calculations-such as arithmetic expressions, function results, or computed statistics-print() can be used to show those results to the user. For example, print(2 + 3) displays 5, and print(total / count) displays the computed average. Textbooks introduce print() early because it supports interactive learning, debugging, and communicating program behavior.
print() can display one or multiple items separated by commas, automatically converting them to string form.
It also supports formatting via f-strings (e.g., print(f"Sum = {s}")) and optional parameters like sep and end to control output formatting. This makes it versatile for reporting calculated values, intermediate steps in algorithms, and final program outputs.
The other options are not standard Python built-ins for output. compute(), result(), and solve() are not universally defined commands in Python; they might exist as user-defined functions or in specific libraries, but they are not the general command taught in textbooks for displaying results. Python follows a clear separation: expressions compute values; print() displays them.
Therefore, the correct answer is print(), as it is the primary mechanism for producing human-readable output from calculations in typical Python programs and coursework.
NEW QUESTION # 29
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