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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Secondary Assessment | 5–9% | - Vital signs and monitoring - Symptom assessment and history taking - Focused history and physical exam |
| Topic 2: EMS Operations | 10–14% | - Emergency vehicle operations and safety - Incident command and multiple-casualty situations - Documentation and legal aspects - EMS system roles and responsibilities |
| Topic 3: Patient Treatment and Transport | 20–24% | - Communication with receiving facilities - Medical and trauma care interventions - Medication administration and protocols - Patient packaging and transport procedures |
| Topic 4: Scene Size-Up and Safety | 15–19% | - Scene assessment and safety protocols - Hazard recognition and management - Mechanism of injury / nature of illness |
| Topic 5: Primary Assessment | 39–43% | - Initial patient assessment - General patient impression and priority determination - Identification and management of life-threatening conditions - Airway, breathing, and circulation management |
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問題 #218
Which of the following injuries occurs when the epidermis is damaged by a scraping force?
答案：A
解題說明：
The correct answer is B. Abrasion.
An abrasion is a superficial injury caused by scraping or rubbing force that damages the epidermis (outer layer of skin). This type of injury is commonly referred to as a "scrape" or "road rash." Why B is correct:
* Abrasions occur when the skin is rubbed or scraped against a rough surface.
* They involve only the epidermis and are usually superficial.
* Minimal bleeding may occur, but the main concern is pain and risk of infection.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Avulsion # Involves tearing away of skin or tissue, often deeper and more severe
* C. Puncture # Caused by a sharp, pointed object penetrating the skin
* D. Laceration # A cut or tear in the skin, typically deeper than an abrasion Exact Extracts:
* "An abrasion is a wound caused by scraping or rubbing of the skin."
* "It involves damage to the epidermis."
* "Abrasions are usually superficial but can be painful and prone to infection." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Trauma (Soft Tissue Injuries)
National EMS Education Standards - Bleeding and Soft Tissue Injuries
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Trauma Care
問題 #219
The principle of Good Samaritan laws provides for
答案：A
解題說明：
Think of Good Samaritan laws as laws meant to encourage someone to help in an emergency without being overly afraid of being sued afterward . In EMS education, the key legal idea is that these laws generally aim to limit civil liability for people who voluntarily provide emergency aid in good faith. That matches "decreasing the chance of civil liability." ( NCBI ) This is why C is the best NREMT-style answer. The protection is not absolute, and it does not mean a person can act recklessly, but the main principle is reducing fear of civil lawsuits so emergency assistance is more likely to be given. ( NCBI )
問題 #220
A patient in cardiac arrest is currently being resuscitated. How should the EMT communicate with family members at the scene?
答案：D
解題說明：
In EMS, family members should be treated with compassion, honesty, and respect during a resuscitation.
Current American Heart Association guidance notes that family presence during CPR can improve psychological outcomes and reduce complicated grief , as long as it does not interfere with resuscitation efforts . It also emphasizes communicating with the family, explaining what is happening, and providing support during the event. ( cpr.heart.org ) So the best answer is A : allow them to watch the resuscitation, provided they are not disrupting care or creating a safety problem. In NREMT-style operations questions, that reflects appropriate professional communication and family-centered care. ( NAEMSP )
問題 #221
A 38-year-old pregnant female presents with acute dyspnea, hypotension, and swelling of her right leg. You should suspect:
答案：C
解題說明：
The correct answer is A. Pulmonary embolism.
This patient presents with a classic triad suggestive of pulmonary embolism (PE):
* Acute dyspnea
* Hypotension
* Unilateral leg swelling (right leg)
In pregnancy, patients are at increased risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) due to:
* Hypercoagulable state
* Venous stasis
* Vascular changes
A clot from the leg (DVT) can dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
Why A is correct (Pulmonary embolism):
NREMT-aligned medical guidance emphasizes:
* "Pulmonary embolism should be suspected in patients with sudden dyspnea and signs of DVT."
* "Unilateral leg swelling is a key indicator of possible deep vein thrombosis." Hypotension suggests a massive PE, which is life-threatening.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* B. Congestive heart failure: Typically presents with bilateral edema and gradual onset dyspnea, not sudden symptoms with unilateral leg swelling.
* C. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy: Causes abdominal pain and internal bleeding, not isolated dyspnea and leg swelling.
* D. Preeclampsia: Characterized by hypertension, not hypotension, and usually includes edema and proteinuria but not acute dyspnea from embolism.
Exact Extracts:
* "Pulmonary embolism presents with sudden shortness of breath and may include hypotension."
* "Unilateral leg swelling suggests deep vein thrombosis."
* "Pregnancy increases the risk of thromboembolic events."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Medical Emergencies (Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Medical Emergencies Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Thromboembolic Disorders
問題 #222
Which patient is the highest priority, and which patient is the lowest priority during a mass casualty event?
Move each patient into the Answer Area to correctly order the patients from the highest priority to the lowest priority.
答案：
解題說明：
Explanation:
* A patient with a flail chest
* A patient with a fractured tibia and fibula
* A patient with burns to the hands
* A patient in cardiac arrest
In an MCI, EMTs use triage to do the greatest good for the greatest number . That means patients with immediately life-threatening but potentially survivable problems are treated before patients with minor injuries, and patients in cardiac arrest are generally placed last because full resuscitation is not started during primary MCI triage.
A flail chest is the highest priority here because it can rapidly cause severe respiratory compromise and is considered an immediate life threat. A fractured tibia and fibula is serious, but it usually does not outrank a major breathing problem, so it falls into a lower priority group. Burns to the hands are important, especially functionally, but isolated hand burns are usually not as urgent as major chest trauma or significant long-bone injury during triage. A patient in cardiac arrest is the lowest priority in standard MCI triage because triage systems such as START do not direct rescuers to spend time on full arrest resuscitation while multiple salvageable patients still need care.
問題 #223
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