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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 2: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 3: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Topic 4: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Topic 5: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 6: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Topic 7: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Topic 8: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
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NEW QUESTION # 33
Which one of the following best describes the role Cilium provides in Kubernetes?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium functions as a Kubernetes Container Network Interface implementation. When Kubernetes creates or removes a pod sandbox, the container runtime invokes the configured CNI plugin. Cilium establishes the pod' s network connectivity, connects the workload to the node's networking environment, allocates or obtains an address through the configured IPAM mode, and coordinates the endpoint with the Cilium agent. Its eBPF datapath then supplies routing, service load balancing, policy enforcement, and network visibility.
Cilium provides substantially more functionality than the minimum CNI contract, but those additional capabilities do not change its primary Kubernetes networking role. Hubble supplies integrated network observability, yet Cilium is not merely a container-metrics monitor. Resource utilization such as CPU and memory is normally handled through Kubernetes metrics and monitoring systems.
Cilium is also not a Container Storage Interface. CSI drivers manage storage volumes, attachment, mounting, and lifecycle operations, which are unrelated to Cilium's primary responsibilities. Nor is Cilium simply a pod- operation logging mechanism. It can emit datapath events and diagnostic logs, but those are supporting capabilities.
Accordingly, D provides the correct architectural classification for Cilium in a Kubernetes cluster.
Official references
Introduction to Cilium and Hubble ; Cilium Helm Installation .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 34
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 36
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 37
When using Cilium with the kube-proxy replacement enabled, which underlying technology is effectively replaced with eBPF?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Kubernetes kube-proxy conventionally implements Service translation and load balancing through either iptables or IPVS. With Cilium's kube-proxy replacement enabled, eBPF programs and maps perform Kubernetes Service handling directly in the kernel, including ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalIP, and related service translation functions. C is therefore correct.
The replacement can operate at socket hooks and packet-processing hooks. Service and backend information is stored in eBPF maps, allowing the datapath to select backends and perform address translation without traversing the kube-proxy-generated iptables or IPVS rules normally used for Kubernetes Services.
BGP is not replaced. Cilium's BGP Control Plane is a separate feature used to advertise routes and service addresses to external routers. Routing itself is also not eliminated; Cilium can implement and accelerate routing decisions with eBPF, but packets still require a valid forwarding model. firewalld is a host firewall- management service and is not the underlying Kubernetes Service implementation replaced by kube-proxy replacement.
Relevant installations must satisfy the kernel and device requirements for Cilium's eBPF service load- balancer functionality.
Official references
Kubernetes Without kube-proxy
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF service maps, iptables, and IPVS.
NEW QUESTION # 38
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