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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Topic 2: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Topic 3: Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Topic 4: Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Topic 5: Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Topic 6: Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Topic 7: Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Topic 8: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Topic 9: Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
>> VTNE Reliable Exam Answers <<
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NEW QUESTION # 872
Calcium hydroxide appears what color when fully saturated with carbon dioxide?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 873
Which of the following post-op complications causes the most concern?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Dehiscence is the opening of a surgical incision. The risks for tissue contamination and infection are very high locally and could lead to systemic infection. In abdominal or thoracic surgery cases, dehiscence could even result in death.
A small seroma (area of serum accumulation under the incision) may not require medical attention, but a large seroma may require drainage. Typically, the fluid will resorb with restricted activity and compression.
Incisional erythema, or redness around the incision, can be a normal post-op finding due to mild skin irritation from fur clipping or tissue handling. However, if the redness progresses or worsens, it could suggest infection and warrants doctor evaluation.
Bruising can be a normal post-operative finding along the incision site. But when larger blood vessels are damaged during surgery, a hematoma can develop. A hematoma will usually resorb with restricted activity and compression. Bruising or a hematoma may be early signs of infection, especially when accompanied by redness, heat, swelling, and pain, but usually bruising and hematomas resolve without intervention.
NEW QUESTION # 874
All of the following scenarios would cause concern, suggesting that one of the lab machines may require recalibration and quality control evaluation, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Correct answer: HCT that is 3 times the Hb concentration
When equipment malfunctions, you use an expired cartridge for some tests. False results may occur when the blood has a micro clot and for various other reasons. Recognizing a problem early and quickly will prevent false results on more than one animal and ensure you take action as soon as feasible.
Signs you may have a problem with calibration and/or quality control include:
*Flags on the printed results on several of the values
*Values not compatible with life
*HCT that is 5 times the Hb concentration or another abnormal result or relationship between other blood parameters Remember that we can obtain the HCT concentration by multiplying the Hb by a factor of 3. (Or we can obtain the Hb by dividing the HCT by 3). Thus, if we were to find a Hb, say of 5, we should see a HCT of 15%. However, if we see a HCT that reads 25%, this should give us pause. Which parameter is false? Why is there a discrepancy? Can any of the other values be believed?
When abnormalities such as the discrepancy above occur or the machine flags the results, you need to be comfortable deciding on possible causes and rectifying the problem. If the abnormal factor is the HCT, and you have not yet run a PCV/TS, you can do so. Remember that the HCT and PCV are similar. The primary difference is that a HCT is machine calculated while the PCV is manually determined. But these values should be within 3 to 5% of each other. If the PCV reads 25% while the HCT reads 15%, then we know there is a problem. Calibration, rerunning the sample, checking for error codes in the machine, and other options should be promptly evaluated.
NEW QUESTION # 875
You have a six-year-old MN labrador who eats everything, and who came in after the owner saw him chewing on rat bait. You didn't think he could fit into the tiny spot where it had been hidden. Still, the owner knew it was a long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide. He did bring the package to be safe and was correct.
What is the antidote, and what route would you use in a dog not showing clinical signs to start the medication?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Anticoagulant rodenticides work by competitive inhibition with an enzyme, vitamin K epoxide reductase. By this inhibition, they stop vitamin K's ability to recycle. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions in the coagulation cascade, primarily by allowing blood clotting protein formation. It also aids in normal vision. Given the means of action, anticoagulant rodenticides, therefore, interfere with homeostasis.
Oral supplementation of vitamin C (water-soluble) is necessary only in primates and guinea pigs. All other species can synthesize it themselves. Vitamin C is found in many fruits and veggies. Many guinea pigs do not need further supplementation when fed an appropriate hay and veggies and fruit diet, not relying on a pelleted diet. Dogs do not require oral supplementation.
Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a coenzyme in all body cells, especially in the nervous system, GI tract, and bone marrow. As a result, deficiencies are commonly seen with chronic GI diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or chronic diarrheal diseases. Supplementation can be administered via subcutaneous or oral routes, depending on species and formulations available.
Vitamin D forms in the skin when under UV light. Dogs and cats do not seem to have issues with vitamin D levels even when not going outside. However, rickets, or hypovitaminosis D, can occur in sheep and goats, especially if kept inside in the winter.
NEW QUESTION # 876
Which of the following may indicate obstruction of the airways in an anesthetized patient?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Stridor is a high-pitched vibrating sound caused by an obstruction of airflow in the pharynx or larynx. If stridor is present in an anesthetized patient, the upper airways should be inspected, and anesthesia should be stopped if necessary. When an endotracheal tube is properly placed and functioning, there will be no stridor present.
Pleural effusion is fluid accumulation within the thoracic cavity. Hemoptysis is coughing up blood. Hypoxemia is low oxygen concentration in the bloodstream.
NEW QUESTION # 877
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