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NEW QUESTION # 571
The security team is looking into aggressive bot behavior that is resulting in performance issues on the web server. After further investigation, the security engineer determines that the bot traffic is legitimate. Which of the following is the best course of action to reduce performance issues without allocating additional resources to the server?
Answer: C
Explanation:
robots.txt provides a way to politely request that well-behaved bots reduce their crawling speed.
The Crawl-delay directive can be used to specify a delay (in seconds) between successive requests. This approach directly addresses the performance issue by reducing the load caused by the bots without completely blocking them or requiring complex WAF configurations.
NEW QUESTION # 572
A product development team has submitted code snippets for review prior to release.
INSTRUCTIONS
Analyze the code snippets, and then select one vulnerability, and one fix for each code snippet.
Code Snippet 1
Code Snippet 2
Vulnerability 1:
SQL injection
Cross-site request forgery
Server-side request forgery
Indirect object reference
Cross-site scripting
Fix 1:
Perform input sanitization of the userid field.
Perform output encoding of queryResponse,
Ensure usex:ia belongs to logged-in user.
Inspect URLS and disallow arbitrary requests.
Implementanti-forgery tokens.
Vulnerability 2
1) Denial of service
2) Command injection
3) SQL injection
4) Authorization bypass
5) Credentials passed via GET
Fix 2
A) Implement prepared statements and bind
variables.
B) Remove the serve_forever instruction.
C) Prevent the "authenticated" value from being overridden by a GET parameter.
D) HTTP POST should be used for sensitive parameters.
E) Perform input sanitization of the userid field.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below in explanation.
Explanation:
Code Snippet 1
Vulnerability 1: SQL injection
SQL injection is a type of attack that exploits a vulnerability in the code that interacts with a database. An attacker can inject malicious SQL commands into the input fields, such as username or password, and execute them on the database server. This can result in data theft, data corruption, or unauthorized access.
Fix 1: Perform input sanitization of the userid field.
Input sanitization is a technique that prevents SQL injection byvalidating and filtering the user input values before passing them to the database. The input sanitization should remove any special characters, such as quotes, semicolons, or dashes, that can alter the intended SQL query. Alternatively, the input sanitization can use a whitelist of allowed values and reject any other values.
Code Snippet 2
Vulnerability 2: Cross-site request forgery
Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) is a type of attack that exploits a vulnerability in the code that handles web requests. An attacker can trick a user into sending a malicious web request to a server that performs an action on behalf of the user, such as changing their password, transferring funds, or deleting data. This can result in unauthorized actions, data loss, or account compromise.
Fix 2: Implement anti-forgery tokens.
Anti-forgery tokens are techniques that prevent CSRF by adding a unique and secret value to each web request that is generated by the server and verified by the server before performing the action. The anti- forgery token should be different for each user and each session, and should not be predictable or reusable by an attacker. This way, only legitimate web requests from the user's browser can be accepted by the server.
NEW QUESTION # 573
A company wants to use a process to embed a sign of ownership covertly inside a proprietary document without adding any identifying attributes. Which of the following would be best to use as part of the process to support copyright protections of the document?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Steganography involves embedding information covertly within another file, such as a document, in a way that is not immediately apparent to the viewer. This can be used to embed a "sign of ownership" in a proprietary document without adding any visible or overt identifying attributes. It helps protect copyright by embedding hidden, identifying information that can later be used for verification or proof of ownership.
NEW QUESTION # 574
Based on the results of a SAST report on a legacy application, a security engineer is reviewing the following snippet of code flagged as vulnerable:
Which of the following is the vulnerable line of code that must be changed?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The vulnerability lies in line [10], where the function strcpy(transmit, input) is used. The strcpy function does not perform boundary checking when copying strings. Since input is defined with a size of 256 characters and transmit only has 20 characters allocated, the strcpy operation will cause a buffer overflow when the contents of input exceed the allocated size of transmit. This creates a significant security vulnerability, as attackers can overwrite adjacent memory, potentially injecting malicious code or altering program execution.
Lines [02], [04], [07], and [08] are not inherently vulnerable by themselves. Line [04] defines the oversized input, but the vulnerability only materializes when combined with the unsafe copy in line [10]. Secure coding practices recommend using safer alternatives like strncpy, which includes a length parameter, or implementing runtime checks to ensure the destination buffer size is not exceeded.
Thus, the vulnerable line that must be changed is line [10], where strcpy is used.
NEW QUESTION # 575
Which of the following key management practices ensures that an encryption key is maintained within the organization?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Step by Step Explanation:
Understanding the Scenario: The question is about ensuring that an organization retains control over its encryption keys. It focuses on different key storage and management methods.
Analyzing the Answer Choices:
A: Encrypting using a key stored in an on-premises hardware security module (HSM): This is thebest option for maintaining complete control over encryption keys. An HSM is a dedicated, tamper-resistant hardware device specifically designed for secure key storage and cryptographic operations. Storing keys on-premises within an HSM ensures the organization has exclusive access.
Reference: HSMs are a core component of strong key management practices, often discussed in CASP+ material related to cryptography and data protection.
B: Encrypting using server-side encryption capabilities provided by the cloud provider: With server-side encryption, the cloud provider typically manages the encryption keys. This means the organization is relinquishing some control over the keys.
C: Encrypting using encryption and key storage systems provided by the cloud provider: Similar to option B, using cloud-provider-managed key storage systems means the organization doesn't have full, exclusive control over the keys.
D: Encrypting using a key escrow process for storage of the encryption key: Key escrow involves entrusting a third party with a copy of the encryption key. This introduces a potential security risk, as the organization no longer has sole control over the key. Also, the key is not maintained within the organization.
Reference: Key escrow is sometimes used for data recovery, but it's generally not recommended for maintaining the highest level of security and control over encryption keys. This is relevant to CASP+ discussions on risk assessment and key management best practices.
Why A is the Correct Answer:
Control: On-premises HSMs provide the highest level of control over encryption keys. The organization has physical and logical control over the HSM and the keys stored within it.
Security: HSMs are designed to be tamper-resistant and protect keys from unauthorized access, even if the surrounding systems are compromised.
Compliance: In some industries, regulatory requirements may mandate that organizations maintain direct control over their encryption keys. On-premises HSMs can help meet these requirements.
CASP+ Relevance: HSMs, key management, and data encryption are fundamental topics in CASP+. The exam emphasizes understanding the security implications of different key management approaches.
Elaboration on Key Management Principles:
Key LifecycleManagement: Proper key management involves managing the entire lifecycle of a key, from generation and storage to rotation and destruction.
Separation of Duties: It's generally a good practice to separate the roles of key management and data encryption to enhance security.
Access Control: Strict access controls should be in place to limit who can access and use encryption keys.
In conclusion, using an on-premises HSM for key storage is the best way to ensure that an organization maintains control over its encryption keys. It provides the highest level of security and control, aligning with best practices in cryptography and key management as emphasized in the CASP+ exam objectives.
NEW QUESTION # 576
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