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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Topic 2: Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Topic 3: Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Topic 4: Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Topic 5: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Topic 6: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Topic 7: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Topic 8: Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Topic 9: Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
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NEW QUESTION # 176
A new canine osteoarthritis medication, Librela (bedinvetmab), works on what part of the pain modulation pathway?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Librela is a monthly injectable anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibody (mAB) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. It is similar to the Solensia drug that has been out a bit longer in the U.S. for cats. Benefits include only 1x monthly administration, rather than daily, and minimal to no effects on the liver/kidneys.
NGF plays a key role in pain in animals with OA. This drug helps decrease NGF levels by binding to it, which reduces pain from OA, helps to limit further NGF release, and lessens the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. This results in lowering the neurogenic inflammation component.
COX1 and COX2 drugs are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), including carprofen, meloxicam, and deracoxib. They work on the inflammation portion of the pain pathway, but COX1 drugs are less selective and have more side effects than COX2 drugs.
The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors are part of the pain pathway, most notably understood in cases of central sensitization. Patients with chronic pain, over-activation of C-fibers, and continuous NMDA activation can lead to wind-up. Medications like amantadine (oral) or ketamine (injectable, in hospital) may help address wind-up concerns. However, this pathway isn't a commonly addressed path in the mainstay therapy of OA treatment in dogs.
Mu receptors provide pain relief and are addressed by opioids, either as pure agonists (completely blocking the receptor), or as partial agonists +/- antagonists. This would include drugs like fentanyl and hydromorphone. However, while these drugs may be beneficial in acute pain conditions, they do not address inflammation, nor are they usually beneficial in the long-term management of OA. They may be used in the end stages of the disease as a part of multi-modal pain management. Still, due to the potential abuse on the human side, veterinarians tend not to prescribe this type of medication orally very often. It is most commonly used in the hospital.
NEW QUESTION # 177
You are administering a blood transfusion to an adult mare with anemia due to blood loss post-foaling. She has been stabilized, but her red blood cell count is still low, and she is clinical for anemi a. You are asked to prepare the donor, a healthy, vaccinated gelding who lives on the farm, at the clinic for donation purposes. You need to obtain the blood before donation as you do not keep it banked. The gelding you will be drawing from is 450 kg.
What is an appropriate blood volume to take from the gelding?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The recommended blood donation volume for equine patients is 20% or about 16 ml/kg, with replacement of the volume via crystalloids, post-venipuncture, recommended. Some texts will say up to 33% blood volume is acceptable, but that would be in dire situations, and careful monitoring of the donor animal would be warranted.
NEW QUESTION # 178
When interpreting dental radiography, which of the following structures would not be considered radiodense?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Radiodense, also known as radiopaque, structures seen on dental radiographs, include cementum, dentin, and bone.
Cementum is a calcified, specialized substance that covers the roots of some teeth and most of the tooth surface superficial to the enamel in some teeth.
As hard as bone, dentin forms the bulk of the tooth but still remains softer than enamel, the hardest substance in the body. The dentin surrounds the pulp cavity, found inside the tooth. This cavity houses the tooth's nerve supply and blood vessels. On radiographs, the pulp cavity appears dark, blackish, or radiolucent. This occurs because the x-rays easily pass through the tissue to the sensor.
The most radiopaque structure of the tooth is a thin layer of enamel overlying the tooth's crown.
NEW QUESTION # 179
Cats are at significantly more risk of toxicosis than dogs from which of the following medications?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Acetaminophen can be toxic to all species. Unlike several other companion animal species, cats lack a metabolic enzyme (glucuronidase), making acetaminophen particularly dangerous. Symptoms of acetaminophen toxicosis include vomiting, depression, tachypnea, dyspnea, methemoglobinemia, edema, and possibly death.
Cats and dogs have generally equivalent dosing on a mg/kg basis for the other medications listed.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 913.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 430.
NEW QUESTION # 180
On dental radiographs, which tissue appears as a white line surrounding a healthy tooth root?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Lamina dura is a dense alveolar bone lining the tooth socket. It appears as a thin white line adjacent to the periodontal ligament.
Dentin forms a broad line with mid-gray opacity. It is located within both the root and crown. Enamel appears as a thin white line on radiographs, but on the crown only. Trabecular bone, also called cancellous bone, has a mesh pattern on radiographs, not distinct lines.
NEW QUESTION # 181
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