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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers |
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Understand and monitor network traffic - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Detect threats at the container level - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Modify host components to improve security - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Enable audit logging - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Understand the container build process - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Minimize base image footprint - Sign container images and verify signatures - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Use distroless images for static workload |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace |
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NEW QUESTION # 39
Create a RuntimeClass named untrusted using the prepared runtime handler named runsc.
Create a Pods of image alpine:3.13.2 in the Namespace default to run on the gVisor runtime class.
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 40
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new setting takes effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC b. Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes Node c. Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- a. Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
b. Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
Hint: Take the use of Tool Kube-Bench
Answer:
Explanation:
API server:
Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC
Turn on Role Based Access Control. Role Based Access Control (RBAC) allows fine-grained control over the operations that different entities can perform on different objects in the cluster. It is recommended to use the RBAC authorization mode.
Fix - Buildtime
Kubernetes
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: kube-apiserver
tier: control-plane
name: kube-apiserver
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
+ - kube-apiserver
+ - --authorization-mode=RBAC,Node
image: gcr.io/google_containers/kube-apiserver-amd64:v1.6.0
livenessProbe:
failureThreshold: 8
httpGet:
host: 127.0.0.1
path: /healthz
port: 6443
scheme: HTTPS
initialDelaySeconds: 15
timeoutSeconds: 15
name: kube-apiserver-should-pass
resources:
requests:
cpu: 250m
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/
name: k8s
readOnly: true
- mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- mountPath: /etc/pki
name: pki
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes
name: k8s
- hostPath:
path: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- hostPath:
path: /etc/pki
name: pki
Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes Node
Remediation: Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml on the master node and set the --authorization-mode parameter to a value that includes Node.
--authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
Audit:
/bin/ps -ef | grep kube-apiserver | grep -v grep
Expected result:
'Node,RBAC' has 'Node'
Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false
Remediation: Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml on the master node and set the below parameter.
--profiling=false
Audit:
/bin/ps -ef | grep kube-apiserver | grep -v grep
Expected result:
'false' is equal to 'false'
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
Remediation: If using a Kubelet config file, edit the file to set authentication: anonymous: enabled to false. If using executable arguments, edit the kubelet service file /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf on each worker node and set the below parameter in KUBELET_SYSTEM_PODS_ARGS variable.
--anonymous-auth=false
Based on your system, restart the kubelet service. For example:
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet.service
Audit:
/bin/ps -fC kubelet
Audit Config:
/bin/cat /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
Expected result:
'false' is equal to 'false'
2) Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Audit
docker inspect kubelet | jq -e '.[0].Args[] | match("--authorization-mode=Webhook").string' Returned Value: --authorization-mode=Webhook Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:- a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true Do not use self-signed certificates for TLS. etcd is a highly-available key value store used by Kubernetes deployments for persistent storage of all of its REST API objects. These objects are sensitive in nature and should not be available to unauthenticated clients. You should enable the client authentication via valid certificates to secure the access to the etcd service.
Fix - Buildtime
Kubernetes
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
annotations:
scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: ""
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: etcd
tier: control-plane
name: etcd
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
+ - etcd
+ - --auto-tls=true
image: k8s.gcr.io/etcd-amd64:3.2.18
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
livenessProbe:
exec:
command:
- /bin/sh
- -ec
- ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints=https://[192.168.22.9]:2379 --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
--cert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/healthcheck-client.crt --key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/healthcheck-client.key get foo failureThreshold: 8 initialDelaySeconds: 15 timeoutSeconds: 15 name: etcd-should-fail resources: {} volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /var/lib/etcd
name: etcd-data
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
name: etcd-certs
hostNetwork: true
priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /var/lib/etcd
type: DirectoryOrCreate
name: etcd-data
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
type: DirectoryOrCreate
name: etcd-certs
status: {}
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 41
You have an Nginx pod deployed in your Kubernetes cluster. You need to set up a PodSecurityPolicy (PSP) that allows the Nginx pod to access only specific network ports and disallows it from accessing other ports. Describe the steps you would take to implement this PSP.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create PodSecurityPolicy (PSP):
- Define a PodSecurityPolicy (PSP) YAML file. This file will restrict the Nginx pod's network access.
- For example, you could define a PSP that allows the Nginx pod to access ports 80 and 443 (HTTP and HTTPS) but restricts access to all other ports:
2. Apply the PSPI - Apply the PSP YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f nginx-psp.yaml' 3. Bind the PSP to the Nginx Pod: - Update the Nginx deployment or pod definition to include the 'securityContext' field with a reference to the created PSP:
4. Verify the psp: - Check that the Nginx pod is using the PSP by running 'kubectl describe pod ' . You should see the PSP name listed in the "Security Context" section. 5. Test Access: - Verity that the Nginx pod can access ports 80 and 443 but not other ports. You can use tools like 'telnet or 'nc' to test connectivity.
NEW QUESTION # 42
Your Kubernetes cluster is configured with a default service account with broad permissions. You need to disable this default service account to enhance security and limit access to cluster resources.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Identify Default Service Account:
- Use the command 'kubectl get serviceaccount -n default default to identify the default service account in the default namespace.
2. Remove Default Service Account:
- You need to remove the default service account using the command 'kubectl delete serviceaccount default -n default
3. Review Permissions Check your RBAC configuration and ensure that no other roles or bindings grant unnecessary permissions to any other service accounts.
4. Create Custom Service Accounts: Create new, dedicated service accounts for each application or component that requires access to the cluster.
Assign specific roles or permissions to each service account based on its requirements.
Note: This process may require changes to your applications or configurations to use the new, dedicated service accounts instead of the default service account.
NEW QUESTION # 43
You're working with a Kubernetes cluster where you need to enforce a secure supply chain. You have a Kubernetes deployment that utilizes a container image from a specific registry. How would you configure your Kubernetes cluster to only allow images from this registry to be used in deployments?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a PodSecurityPolicy (PSP):
- A PSP is a policy that enforces security restrictions on pods. We will use it to restrict image pulls to a specific registry.
- create a PSP YAML file.
2. Define Allowed Registries: - Within the 'spec' of your PSP, create a field 'seLinux' and then define the allowed registries within the 'seLinux' field. - Example:
3. Apply the PSP: - Apply the PSP to your cluster using kubectl apply -f restricted-registry-psp.yaml' 4. Create a Service Account: - Create a service account that will be allowed to run pods with this PSP:
5. Bind the PSP to the Service Account: - Add the 'securityContext' field to your deployment and specify the PSP you just created:
- Apply the deployment: bash kubectl apply -f deploymentyaml - Now, the deployment will only be able to pull images from the specified registry-
NEW QUESTION # 44
......
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