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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Network access control - Least privilege IAM - Minimize OS attack surface |
| Topic 2: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Behavioral analytics - Container immutability - Incident investigation - Audit log configuration - Threat detection (Falco) |
| Topic 3: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Security contexts - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Secret management - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Pod Security Standards |
| Topic 4: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image security & scanning - SBOM & CI/CD security - Permitted registries - Signed artifacts & verification - Static analysis tools |
| Topic 5: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - API access restriction - RBAC configuration - Service account security |
| Topic 6: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Binary verification - Network security policies - CIS benchmark compliance - Secure Ingress configuration - Node metadata protection |
>> CKS Current Exam Content <<
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NEW QUESTION # 59
You have a critical web application running in your Kubernetes cluster. This application relies on a database service that should only be accessible by the web application pods. You need to implement network security policies to enforce this restriction.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Identify Application and Database Namespaces: Determine the namespaces where your web application and database are deployed. Let's assume
the web application is in namespace 'web-app' and the database is in namespace 'db-service'
2. Create Database Network Policy: Create a NetworkPolicy YAML file named 'do-access-policy.yamr to define the allowed access to the database:
- This policy allows ingress connections to the database pods only from pods in the 'web-apps namespace that have the label 'app: web-app' 3. Apply Database Network Policy: Use 'kubectr to apply the NetworkPolicy: bash kubectl apply -f db-access-policy.yaml 4. Verify Database Network Policy: Verify that the NetworkPolicy is applied: bash kubectl get networkpolicies -n db-service 5. Test Access: Try connecting to the database from a pod outside of the 'web-app' namespace. The connection should be blocked. Connections from pods within the 'web-app' namespace should be allowed. This NetworkPolicy restricts ingress traffic to the 'db-service' namespace. It only allows connections from pods in the 'web-app' namespace with the specified label. This effectively isolates the database and prevents unauthorized access.
NEW QUESTION # 60
SIMULATION
Documentation Secrets, TLS Secrets, Volumes
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000m40
Path
Key
Context
You must complete securing access to a web server using SSL files stored in a TLS Secret .
Task
Create a TLS Secret named clever-cactus in the clever-cactus namespace for an existing Deployment named clever-cactus.
Use the following SSL files:
File
Certificate /home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.crt
/home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.key
The Deployment is already configured to use the TLS Secret.
Do not modify the existing Deployment.
Failure to do so may result in a reduced score.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000m40
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Verify namespace exists (quick check)
kubectl get ns clever-cactus
3) Verify certificate and key files exist
ls -l /home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.crt
ls -l /home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.key
Both files must exist.
4) Create the TLS Secret (THIS IS THE MAIN TASK)
Create a TLS Secret named clever-cactus in namespace clever-cactus:
kubectl -n clever-cactus create secret tls clever-cactus \
--cert=/home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.crt \
--key=/home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.key
Do NOT use apply
Do NOT edit the Deployment
5) Verify the Secret
kubectl -n clever-cactus get secret clever-cactus
Expected type:
kubernetes.io/tls
Optional detail check:
kubectl -n clever-cactus describe secret clever-cactus
You should see:
tls.crt
tls.key
6) (Optional) Confirm Pods are running
Since the Deployment is already configured to use the Secret, Pods should now work.
kubectl -n clever-cactus get pods
NEW QUESTION # 61
Context: Cluster: prod Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context prod
Task: Analyse and edit the given Dockerfile (based on the ubuntu:18:04 image) /home/cert_masters/Dockerfile fixing two instructions present in the file being prominent security/best-practice issues.
Analyse and edit the given manifest file /home/cert_masters/mydeployment.yaml fixing two fields present in the file being prominent security/best-practice issues.
Note: Don't add or remove configuration settings; only modify the existing configuration settings, so that two configuration settings each are no longer security/best-practice concerns. Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user id 65535
Answer:
Explanation:
1. For Dockerfile: Fix the image version & user name in Dockerfile 2. For mydeployment.yaml : Fix security contexts Explanation
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu:latest # Remove this
FROM ubuntu:18.04 # Add this
USER root # Remove this
USER nobody # Add this
RUN apt get install -y lsof=4.72 wget=1.17.1 nginx=4.2
ENV ENVIRONMENT=testing
USER root # Remove this
USER nobody # Add this
CMD ["nginx -d"]
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/mydeployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
app: kafka
name: kafka
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: kafka
strategy: {}
template:
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
app: kafka
spec:
containers:
- image: bitnami/kafka
name: kafka
volumeMounts:
- name: kafka-vol
mountPath: /var/lib/kafka
securityContext:
{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"],"drop":["all"]},"privileged": True,"readOnlyRootFilesystem": False, "runAsUser": 65535} # Delete This
{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"],"drop":["all"]},"privileged": False,"readOnlyRootFilesystem": True, "runAsUser": 65535} # Add This resources: {} volumes:
- name: kafka-vol
emptyDir: {}
status: {}
Pictorial View: [desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/mydeployment.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 62
You're tasked witn securing a Kubernetes cluster running on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). One of the key security objectives is to ensure that only authorized users can access the cluster's API server and that communication between components within the cluster is encrypted. You need to configure the clusters network policy and authentication mechanism to enforce these security controls. Explain step-by-step how you would configure GKE's network policies and authentication mechanisms to achieve these objectives.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Configure Network Policies:
- Create Network Policies: use the 'kubectl' command to create network policies that define the communication rules between pods and services. For
example:
bash
kubectl apply -f network-policy-yaml
- Define Rules: Specify the rules in the network policy. For example:
- Apply Policy: Apply the policy using kubectl apply -f network-policy-yaml- 2. Configure Authentication: - Enable Service Account Authentication: Configure service accounts to access the API server. In GKE, you can enable service account authentication by creating a service account key. - Create Service Account Key: Create a service account key with the following command: bash gcloud iam service-accounts keys create service-account-key.json -jam-account service-account@project_iam_gserviceaccount.com - Restrict Access: Configure the service account's permissions to minimize the risk of unauthorized access. Use the IAM policy to grant the service account access only to the required resources. 3. Configure Encryption: - Enable HTTPS for the API Server: In GKE, the API server runs over HTTPS by default. Verify that this is enabled in your cluster configuration. - Configure TLS Certificates: Ensure that the API server uses a valid TLS certificate for secure communication. In GKE, this is typically managed automatically. - Use Mutual TLS: For more robust authentication, configure mutual TLS between the API server and other components. You can use a certificate authority (CA) to issue certificates for each component and configure them for mutual authentication.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Your Kubernetes cluster iS running a web application that requires access to a database hosted on an external Cloud provider. Describe how you can secure the connection between the application and the database using TLS/SSL encryption and identity-based authentication.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Configure TLS/SSL Encryption:
- Generate Certificate: Obtain a TLS/SSL certificate from a trusted certificate authority (CA) or use a self-signed certificate for development purposes-
- Install Certificate on Database Server: Install the certificate on the database server, making it available to the database service.
- Configure Database Service: Configure the database service to accept connections only over TLS/SSL.
- Configure Application Container:
- Mount Certificate: Mount the TLS/SSL certificate into the application container as a secret.
- Configure Application Code: Update the application code to use the certificate when connecting to the database.
2. Implement Identity-Based Authentication:
- Create Database User: Create a dedicated database user specifically for the web application.
- Grant Permissions: Grant appropriate permissions to the database user, limiting access to the necessary tables and data.
- Use Authentication Plugin: Configure the database service to use an authentication plugin that supports identity-based authentication.
- Generate Database Credentials: Generate database credentials (usemame and password) for the application.
- Store Credentials Secretly: Store the database credentials securely as a Kubernetes secret.
- Access Credentials from Application: Configure the application to access the database credentials from the secret.
3. Connect Application to Database:
- Configure Connection String: Update the application's connection string to use TLS/SSL and the database user credentials.
- Example Connection String:
jdbc:postgresql://database-host:5432/database-name?ssl=true&sslmode=require&user=app user&password=app-password
4. Security Considerations:
- Certificate Validation: Ensure the certificate is validated by the application to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.
- Secure Credential Management: Implement strong security measures to protect the database credentials stored as secrets.
- Access Control: Limit access to the database to only authorized users and applications.
- Network Isolatiom Consider using network policies to isolate the web application from other workloads and restrict unnecessary network traffic.
NEW QUESTION # 64
......
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