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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Topic 2: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Topic 3: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 4: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 5: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Topic 6: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Topic 7: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment |
| Topic 8: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Controlled substance management - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal |
| Topic 9: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation |
| Topic 10: Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
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NEW QUESTION # 639
A dog presents with fever and a racing pulse. While performing an emergency assessment, the veterinary technician notes that the dog's mucous membranes appear bright red.
What diagnosis should the technician consider?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 640
Which neurotransmitter is affected by organophosphate exposure?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Organophosphates irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, thus inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Organophosphates are often found in insecticides designed to kill flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites.
Histamine has numerous functions, most commonly known for signaling inflammation and stomach acid secretion. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible for behavior and eating/digestion. Adenosine is an RNA nucleoside that consists of adenine and ribose. It aids in muscle contraction and relaxation, among other functions. It can be used as a heart arrhythmia treatment.
NEW QUESTION # 641
Which jaw tone description indicates adequate surgical plane of anesthesia?
Answer: C
Explanation:
When a patient has reached an adequate anesthetic plane for most invasive surgeries, the muscles of the jaw will be loose and relaxed. If the patient closes the mouth or twitches or has any jaw muscle tone, the anesthetic level is insufficient for surgery.
NEW QUESTION # 642
In many areas of the world, onychectomy is either illegal or being re-evaluated to determine the utility of the procedure and whether it should be performed. In most of the US, it is still legal. You may have to assist in this procedure. You want to ensure your veterinarian is providing sufficient pain management both before and after surgery and when the patient goes home.
Which of the following would you be sure to include in this patient's take-home pain management plan?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Onychectomy, or feline declawing, is a procedure that removes the claw and the distal phalanx of each digit. It can be done on the front feet alone, or less commonly, on all 4 feet. It is considered one of the most painful procedures performed in veterinary medicine. It is often done solely for non-medical reasons, such as cats who scratch on furniture, cats who scratch or play with their claws extended, or because another cat in the home may be declawed already. Rarely, it may be done for medical reasons, such as a cancerous digit, where one toe only may be declawed. Owners who are severely immunocompromised and at high risk of infection from even a tiny cat scratch may also choose to have this performed.
Less commonly in young cats than those over a year of age, however, common in general, we can see neuropathic pain resulting from this procedure. This refers to pain associated with where a limb would be, despite removal. It happens with any portion of the body that is removed. The brain still senses something is there, even though it no longer is. We can see chronic lameness, hesitancy to jump, chewing on the feet, and other abnormalities that could be attributed to neuropathic pain. This can be prevented by sending a cat home on 1 to 2 weeks of gabapentin to pre-emptively avoid and treat any neuropathic changes.
While gabapentin helps prevent chronic and neuropathic associated pain, it will be insufficient to provide complete pain relief. We want to give an NSAID to decrease inflammation, at the very minimum at the time of surgery, and possibly go home with the pet, such as Onsior. However, depending on the pet's age, hydration status of the pet and how well the pet eats at home, NSAIDs may not be safe or used as readily in cats as in other species. In older cats, NSAID use may not be appropriate if there is any underlying kidney disease.
Fentanyl patches in cats are hard to keep in place, partly because cats are so flexible. The patch needs to be in an unreachable place but still be able to entirely be placed on the patient. Studies in dogs show that the medication delivery of fentanyl patches is inconsistent over the 3 to 5 day period for which a patient is wearing them, resulting in incomplete pain management and unpredictable pain management. Cats, more than dogs, also seem to have decreased appetites when used. Thus, oral buprenorphine is more commonly used and provides more consistent and predictable pain relief and fewer side effects.
For additional pain control, many also benefit from oral buprenorphine or the longer-acting Simbadol injection. Keeping the pet calm and wearing an e-collar is also essential to prevent licking.
Thus, for complete pain management and a multimodal approach, many recommend an e-collar to prevent licking, oral buprenorphine or injectable Simbadol, an NSAID if the patient can receive it and is eating well, and oral gabapentin for 1 to 2 weeks post-operatively.
NEW QUESTION # 643
When performing an intestinal resection and anastomosis in a dog, what instrument would the veterinarian ask you to use to clamp the intestines?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Doyen intestinal forceps are used to hold atraumatically parts of the bowel. They are self-retaining forceps with a ratchet-locking device that helps grasp and retract the tissue. They are flexible with atraumatic jaws, allowing them to clamp off viable portions of bowel and other sensitive tissue.
Note: A surgical assistant can also act as the forceps would by supporting the intestines with their fingers to prohibit the leakage of the ingesta.
Allis tissue forceps are self-retaining, ratchet-locking devices with intermeshing teeth to ensure a good grip on the tissue of interest. However, as a result, they can cause trauma to delicate tissue through their crushing action. They wouldn't be appropriate for use on the bowel unless you knew ahead of time that the bowel was non-viable and would be resected. We can also use these to secure drapes and instrument cords to the patient and/or the surgical field.
Babcock intestinal forceps are similar in design to the Allis tissue forceps. Still, they have no gripping teeth, making them reasonable for more delicate structures like the intestine. In addition to causing less damage, they are also less stiff than Allis tissue forceps.
Rat-tooth thumb forceps would be completely inappropriate here, as they are used to grasp skin and aid in suture placement. They possess large teeth that intermesh (one fits in between two when closed).
NEW QUESTION # 644
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