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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Topic 2: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - RSA Algorithm |
| Topic 3: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks |
| Topic 4: Applied Cryptography | - VPN Security - Cryptographic Best Practices - PGP and Email Encryption - SSL/TLS Protocols |
| Topic 5: Cryptography Fundamentals | - Cryptographic Terminology - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption |
| Topic 6: Symmetric Cryptography | - Stream Ciphers - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Key Management - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography資格認定 <<
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質問 # 38
(Two people want to communicate through secure email. The person creating the email wants to ensure only their friend can decrypt the email. Which key should the person creating the email use to encrypt the message?)
正解：C
解説：
To ensure confidentiality so that only the intended recipient can decrypt an email, the sender must encrypt in a way that only the recipient can reverse. In public key cryptography, that means encrypting with the recipient's public key. The recipient is the only party who should possess the matching private key, so only they can decrypt the ciphertext. This pattern is fundamental to PKI-based secure email systems such as S/MIME and OpenPGP: the sender looks up or is provided the recipient's certificate
/public key, encrypts the message (often by encrypting a randomly generated symmetric session key with the recipient's public key), and the recipient uses their private key to recover the session key and decrypt the content. Encrypting with the sender's private key would not provide confidentiality; it resembles signing because anyone with the sender's public key could "decrypt" it. Encrypting with a private key of the recipient is also incorrect because private keys are not shared and should never leave the recipient's control. Therefore, the correct key to encrypt the message so only the friend can decrypt it is the recipient's public key.
質問 # 39
(Which mode of encryption converts data into a stream encryption and then uses a counter value and a nonce to encrypt the data?)
正解：D
解説：
CTR (Counter) mode converts a block cipher into a stream-like encryption method by generating a keystream from encrypted counter blocks. The core idea is to construct a sequence of input blocks using a nonce (unique per message/session) plus an incrementing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key; the output is a pseudorandom block that is XORed with plaintext to produce ciphertext. Decryption repeats the same keystream generation and XORs with ciphertext to recover plaintext.
CTR offers practical benefits: it is highly parallelizable, supports precomputation of keystream blocks, and allows random access to any block without needing previous blocks (unlike CBC). ECB and CBC are block modes that do not use nonce+counter keystream generation. CFB is a feedback mode that can behave stream- like, but it does not use the explicit counter/nonce construction characteristic of CTR. CTR's security hinges on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because that would reuse the keystream and enable XOR-based plaintext recovery. Therefore, the correct mode is Counter (CTR).
質問 # 40
(Which of the following is an example of a software encryption solution for disk storage?)
正解：D
解説：
Disk/storage encryption protects data at rest by encrypting the contents of a drive so it remains unreadable without the correct authentication and keys. BitLocker (commonly on Windows) and FileVault (commonly on macOS) are well-known software-based full-disk encryption solutions integrated into their operating systems.
They encrypt sectors on disk and typically tie key protection to user credentials and, where available, hardware features such as a TPM or secure enclave to reduce key extraction risk. A VPN encrypts network traffic in transit, not disk storage. An HSM is specialized hardware used to generate, store, and protect cryptographic keys and perform crypto operations; it is not a disk encryption product itself. USB encryption hardware refers to hardware-encrypted removable media, not a software solution for a system disk. Therefore, the correct example of a software encryption solution for disk storage is BitLocker and FileVault.
質問 # 41
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)
正解：B
解説：
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash
= same password" shortcut attackers rely on.
質問 # 42
(How often are transactions added to a blockchain?)
正解：A
解説：
For Bitcoin, transactions are confirmed by inclusion in blocks, and the network targets an average block interval of about 10 minutes. That means transactions are "added" to the Bitcoin blockchain approximately every 10 minutes in the sense that a new block containing a batch of transactions is appended at that cadence. The 10-minute target is achieved by a difficulty adjustment mechanism that recalibrates mining difficulty roughly every 2016 blocks, aiming to keep the average interval stable despite changes in total network hash power. It is important to note that this is an average: blocks can be found faster or slower in the short term due to the probabilistic nature of proof-of-work mining.
Other blockchains have different block times (seconds to minutes), but the question's options and typical curriculum context align with Bitcoin's 10-minute design. Therefore, the correct choice is approximately every 10 minutes.
質問 # 43
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