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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures - Ingress and Gateway API |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
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60. Frage
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
61. Frage
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
62. Frage
What is true about WireGuard encryption on Cilium?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Technical explanation
B is the best answer, with two qualifications. First, "pop-to-pod" is evidently a source typo for "pod-to-pod." Second, default WireGuard mode encrypts traffic between Cilium-managed pods on different nodes; node-to- node, pod-to-node, and node-to-pod coverage requires enabling the additional encryption.
nodeEncryption=true mode.
Cilium creates WireGuard peers per node, not per pod. Each Cilium agent generates a node key pair, advertises the public key through its CiliumNode resource, and forms secure tunnels with other known nodes.
This makes D incorrect. Same-node packets do not traverse a WireGuard tunnel because encryption cannot protect them from an observer already able to inspect raw traffic on that host, so A reverses the documented behavior.
C also reverses the encapsulation sequence. In tunnel-routing mode, pod traffic is first encapsulated for the VXLAN or Geneve overlay and is then encapsulated by WireGuard. The result is double encapsulation, with WireGuard protecting the overlay packet while it crosses the network between nodes.
Thus, B describes WireGuard's supported traffic coverage most closely, but exam candidates should remember the separate node-encryption configuration requirement.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: WireGuard peer architecture, encrypted traffic matrix, same-node behavior, and encapsulation order.
63. Frage
What is the correct statement about the masquerading feature?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Masquerading performs source network address translation for qualifying traffic that leaves the cluster.
Because pod addresses are often private and not routable by the external network, Cilium replaces the pod's source address with an address belonging to the egress node. Return traffic can then reach that node, which reverses the translation and delivers the response to the originating pod. B correctly summarizes this behavior.
Masquerading is a form of SNAT, not DNAT. DNAT modifies the destination address, commonly to direct incoming traffic toward another endpoint, so C is incorrect.
Cilium documents its eBPF-based masquerading implementation as the more efficient implementation. The iptables version is the legacy alternative, making A false. Conversely, eBPF masquerading depends on appropriate kernel eBPF capabilities and Cilium's BPF NodePort functionality. It cannot be assumed to work on every kernel version, so D is false. The legacy iptables implementation is the mode documented as broadly working across kernel versions.
Cilium can exclude natively routable CIDRs from masquerading, and administrators may configure separate IPv4 and IPv6 masquerading behavior.
Official references
Cilium Masquerading , Cilium System Requirements
Study Guide topic: SNAT, native-routing exclusions, and eBPF versus iptables masquerading.
64. Frage
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
65. Frage
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