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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Kubernetes Fundamentals | 46% | - Kubernetes Architecture
|
| Topic 2: Cloud Native Architecture | 16% | - Cloud Native Landscape
|
| Topic 3: Cloud Native Application Delivery | 8% | - CI/CD
|
| Topic 4: Cloud Native Observability | 8% | - Logging
|
| Topic 5: Container Orchestration | 22% | - Storage
|
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NEW QUESTION # 301
What is the Kubernetes object used for running a recurring workload?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A recurring workload in Kubernetes is implemented with a CronJob, so the correct choice is D. A CronJob is a controller that creates Jobs on a schedule defined in standard cron format (minute, hour, day of month, month, day of week). This makes CronJobs ideal for periodic tasks like backups, report generation, log rotation, and cleanup tasks.
A Job (option A) is run-to-completion but is typically a one-time execution; it ensures that a specified number of Pods successfully terminate. You can use a Job repeatedly, but something else must create it each time-CronJob is that built-in scheduler. Option B ("Batch") is not a standard workload resource type (batch is an API group, not the object name used here). Option C (DaemonSet) ensures one Pod runs on every node (or selected nodes), which is not "recurring," it's "always present per node." CronJobs include operational controls that matter in real clusters. For example, concurrencyPolicy controls what happens if a scheduled run overlaps with a previous run (Allow, Forbid, Replace).
startingDeadlineSeconds can handle missed schedules (e.g., if the controller was down). History limits (successfulJobsHistoryLimit, failedJobsHistoryLimit) help manage cleanup and troubleshooting. Each scheduled execution results in a Job with its own Pods, which can be inspected with kubectl get jobs and kubectl logs.
So the correct Kubernetes object for a recurring workload is CronJob (D): it provides native scheduling and creates Jobs automatically according to the defined cadence.
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NEW QUESTION # 302
What service account does a Pod use in a given namespace when the service account is not specified?
Answer: C
Explanation:
D (default) is correct. In Kubernetes, if you create a Pod (or a controller creates Pods) without specifying spec.serviceAccountName, Kubernetes assigns the Pod the default ServiceAccount in that namespace. The ServiceAccount determines what identity the Pod uses when accessing the Kubernetes API (for example, via the in-cluster token mounted into the Pod, when token automounting is enabled).
Every namespace typically has a default ServiceAccount created automatically. The permissions associated with that ServiceAccount are determined by RBAC bindings. In many clusters, the default ServiceAccount has minimal permissions (or none) as a security best practice, because leaving it overly privileged would allow any Pod to access sensitive cluster APIs.
Why the other options are wrong: Kubernetes does not automatically choose "admin," "sysadmin," or "root" service accounts. Those are not standard implicit identities, and automatically granting admin privileges would be insecure. Instead, Kubernetes follows a predictable, least-privilege-friendly default: use the namespace's default ServiceAccount unless you explicitly request a different one.
Operationally, this matters for security and troubleshooting. If an application in a Pod is failing with
"forbidden" errors when calling the API, it often means it's using the default ServiceAccount without the necessary RBAC permissions. The correct fix is usually to create a dedicated ServiceAccount and bind only the required roles, then set serviceAccountName in the Pod template. Conversely, if you're hardening a cluster, you often disable automounting of service account tokens for Pods that don't need API access.
Therefore, the verified correct answer is D: default.
=========
NEW QUESTION # 303
A platform engineer wants to ensure that a new microservice is automatically deployed to every cluster registered in Argo CD. Which configuration best achieves this goal?
Answer: D
Explanation:
An Argo CD ApplicationSet can dynamically generate Applications for all registered clusters based on a shared configuration, ensuring the microservice is automatically deployed and kept in sync across every cluster without manual intervention.
NEW QUESTION # 304
Which key-value store is used to persist Kubernetes cluster data?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Kubernetes stores its cluster state (API objects) in etcd, making A correct. etcd is a distributed, strongly consistent key-value store that serves as the source of truth for the Kubernetes control plane. When you create or update objects such as Pods, Deployments, ConfigMaps, Secrets, or Nodes, the kube-apiserver validates the request and then persists the desired state into etcd. Controllers and the scheduler watch the API for changes (which ultimately reflect etcd state) and reconcile the cluster to match that desired state.
etcd's consistency guarantees are crucial. Kubernetes relies on accurate, up-to-date state to make scheduling decisions, enforce RBAC/admission policies, coordinate leader elections, and ensure controllers behave correctly. etcd uses the Raft consensus algorithm to replicate data among members and requires quorum for writes, enabling fault tolerance when deployed in HA configurations (commonly three or five members).
The other options are incorrect in Kubernetes' standard architecture. ZooKeeper is a distributed coordination system used by some other platforms, but Kubernetes does not use it as its primary datastore. Redis is an in-memory data store used for caching or messaging, not as Kubernetes' authoritative state store. "ControlPlaneStore" is not a standard Kubernetes component.
Operationally, etcd health is one of the most important determinants of cluster reliability. Slow disk I/O or unstable networking can degrade etcd performance and cause API latency spikes. Backup and restore procedures for etcd are critical disaster-recovery practices, and securing etcd (TLS, access restrictions) is essential because it may contain sensitive data (e.g., Secrets-often base64-encoded, and optionally encrypted at rest depending on configuration).
Therefore, the verified Kubernetes datastore is etcd, option A.
NEW QUESTION # 305
What is the telemetry component that represents a series of related distributed events that encode the end-to-end request flow through a distributed system?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 306
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