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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction to Testing AI-Based Systems | 10% | - Characteristics of AI and ML systems - AI-specific quality characteristics - Challenges in testing AI-based systems |
| Input Data Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Data quality attributes - Label verification and ground truth assessment - Testing for bias, representativeness, and completeness - Validation of data pipelines and preprocessing |
| Test Approaches and Techniques for AI Systems | 10% | - Test environment and tool considerations - Risk-based testing - Exploratory testing and red teaming - A/B testing and back-to-back testing |
| Test Levels and Machine Learning Systems | 15% | - Testing across ML lifecycle stages - Test strategies for AI projects - Unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing for ML |
| Machine Learning Development Testing | 10% | - Testing ML development workflows - Regression testing for retrained models - Testing MLOps and deployment pipelines |
| Testing Generative AI and Large Language Models | 15% | - Generative AI fundamentals - Evaluation of generative AI outputs - Specific risks and test approaches for LLMs |
| Model Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Metamorphic and statistical testing - Explainability and transparency testing - Model performance and accuracy testing - Drift detection and monitoring - Adversarial and robustness testing |
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質問 # 112
A system is to be developed to detect lung cancer using X-ray images.
Which statement BEST describes the difference between a conventional system and an AI system with supervised machine learning?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)
正解:A
解説:
The syllabus explains the fundamental distinction betweenconventional systemsandAI-based systems using supervised machine learningin Section1.3 - AI-Based and Conventional Systems. A conventional system relies on human-programmed logic-such as branches, conditions, and explicit rules-to interpret input data.
The system behaves exactly as specified by its developers.
In contrast,AI systems using supervised learning automatically learn patternsfrom labeled data. The syllabus states that"patterns in data are used by the system to determine how it should react in the future...
The AI determines on its own what patterns or features in the data can be used". This aligns directly with Option C: an AI system identifies relevant diagnostic patterns in X-ray images during training, whereas a conventional system requires human experts to explicitly program those patterns.
Option A is incorrect because AI outputs are typicallylessexplainable, not more. Option B is incorrect because both systems can use thesame X-ray images; ML does not require structurally different images. Option D is oversimplified and not fully accurate; while training data is central to ML, AI systems also include architecture, algorithms, and preprocessing-not just data.
Thus,Option Cis the correct and syllabus-aligned answer.
質問 # 113
Which ONE of the below is NOT an input to an activation function in a neural network?
正解:D
解説:
The correct answer is C . In a neural network, each neuron calculates its activation value using an activation function. The CT-AI syllabus explains that the activation function receives as input the activation values from all neurons in the previous layer , the weights assigned to the connections between neurons, and the individual bias of the neuron.
Therefore, options A, B, and D are valid inputs to the activation function. Bias is a preset constant associated with the neuron. The activation values from the previous layer represent the incoming signal. The weights assigned to the connections determine how strongly those incoming activation values influence the neuron's calculation. Option C is not an input because activation values from the current layer are the outputs of activation functions being computed in that layer, not inputs to the same computation. In feed-forward neural network logic, information passes from the input layer through hidden layers toward the output layer; each layer computes its activation values based on the previous layer, not on activation values simultaneously generated in the current layer.
References/topics: CT-AI Syllabus Chapter 6, Section 6.1 "Neural Networks"; Appendix B "Activation function" and "Activation value."
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質問 # 114
Which of the following characteristics of AI-based systems make it more difficult to ensure they are safe?
正解:A
解説:
AI-based systems oftenexhibit non-deterministic behavior, meaning theydo not always produce the same output for the same input. This makesensuring safety more difficult, as the system's behavior can change based on new data, environmental factors, or updates.
* Why Non-determinism Affects Safety:
* In traditional software, the same input always produces the same output.
* In AI systems, outputsvary probabilisticallydepending on learned patterns and weights.
* This unpredictability makes itharder to verify correctness, reliability, and safety, especially in critical domains likeautonomous vehicles, medical AI, and industrial automation.
* A (Simplicity):AI-based systems are typicallycomplex, not simple, which contributes to safety challenges.
* B (Sustainability):While sustainability is an important AI consideration, it doesnot directly affect safety.
* D (Robustness):Lack of robustnesscan make AI systems unsafe, butnon-determinism is the primary issuethat complicates safety verification.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 2.8: Safety and AI)
* "The characteristics of AI-based systems that make it more difficult to ensure they are safe include: complexity, non-determinism, probabilistic nature, self-learning, lack of transparency, interpretability and explainability, lack of robustness".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Sincenon-determinism makes AI behavior unpredictable, complicating safety assurance, thecorrect answer is C.
質問 # 115
An e-commerce developer built an application for automatic classification of online products in order to allow customers to select products faster. The goal is to provide more relevant products to the user based on prior purchases.
Which of the following factors is necessary for a supervised machine learning algorithm to be successful?
正解:A
解説:
Supervised machine learning requires correctly labeled data to train an effective model. The learning process relies on input-output mappings where each training example consists of an input (features) and a correctly labeled output (target variable). Incorrect labeling can significantly degrade model performance.
* Supervised Learning Process
* The algorithm learns from labeled data, mapping inputs to correct outputs during training.
* If labels are incorrect, the model will learn incorrect relationships and produce unreliable predictions.
* Quality of Training Data
* The accuracy of any supervised ML model ishighly dependent on the quality of labels.
* Poorly labeled data leads to mislabeled training sets, resulting inbiased or underperforming models.
* Error Minimization and Model Accuracy
* Incorrectly labeled data affects theconfusion matrix, reducing precision, recall, and accuracy.
* It leads to overfitting or underfitting, which decreases the model's ability to generalize.
* Industry Standard Practices
* Many AI development teams spend a significant amount of time ondata annotation and quality controlto ensure high-quality labeled datasets.
* (B) Minimizing the amount of time spent training the algorithm#(Incorrect)
* While reducing training time is important for efficiency, the quality of training is more critical. A well-trained model takes time to process large datasets and optimize its parameters.
* (C) Selecting the correct data pipeline for the ML training#(Incorrect)
* A good data pipeline helps, butit does not directly impact learning successas much as labeling does.Even a well-optimized pipeline cannot fix incorrect labels.
* (D) Grouping similar products together before feeding them into the algorithm#(Incorrect)
* This describesclustering, which is anunsupervised learning technique. Supervised learningrequires labeled examples, not just grouping of data.
* Labeled data is necessary for supervised learning."For supervised learning, it is necessary to have properly labeled data."
* Data labeling errors can impact performance."Supervised learning assumes that the data is correctly labeled by the data annotators.However, it is rare in practice for all items in a dataset to be labeled correctly." Why Labeling is Critical?Why Other Options are Incorrect?References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, ascorrectly labeled data is essential for supervised machine learning success.
質問 # 116
The stakeholders of a machine learning model have confirmed that they understand the objective and purpose of the model, and ensured that the proposed model aligns with their business priorities. They have also selected a framework and a machine learning model that they will be using.
What should be the next step to progress along the machine learning workflow?
正解:C
解説:
Themachine learning (ML) workflowfollows a structured sequence of steps. Once stakeholders have agreed on theobjectives, business priorities, and the framework/model selection, the next logical step is to prepare and pre-process the databefore training the model.
* Data Preparationis crucial becausemachine learning models rely heavily on the quality of input data. Poor data can result in biased, inaccurate, or unreliable models.
* The process involvesdata acquisition, cleaning, transformation, augmentation, and feature engineering.
* Preparing the dataensures it is in the right format, free from errors, and representative of the problem domain, leading to better generalization in training.
* A (Tune the ML Algorithm):Hyperparameter tuning occursafter the model has been trainedand evaluated.
* C (Agree on Acceptance Criteria):Acceptance criteria should already have been defined in theinitial objective-setting phasebefore framework and model selection.
* D (Evaluate the Framework and Model):The selection of the framework and ML model has already been completed. The next step isdata preparation, not reevaluation.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 3.2: ML Workflow - Data Preparation Phase)
* "Data preparation comprises data acquisition, pre-processing, and feature engineering.
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) may be performed alongside these activities".
* "The data used to train, tune, and test the model must be representative of the operational data that will be used by the model".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the model selection is complete, thenext step in the ML workflow is to prepare and pre-process the datato ensure it is ready for training and testing. Thus, thecorrect answer is B.
質問 # 117
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