さらに、JPNTest L4M5ダンプの一部が現在無料で提供されています：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1rSIW-7azVPQlUp3FFMrCWHDIYRMeqOM9
さまざまな電子デバイスを通じてL4M5ガイド資料を使用できます。自宅ではコンピューターを使用でき、外では電話も使用できます。 L4M5学習教材を学ぶために携帯電話を使用する人が増えているので、好きなものを選択することもできます。利点の1つは、ネットワーク環境でL4M5練習問題を初めて使用する場合、次回教材を使用するときにネットワーク要件がなくなることです。いつでもどこでもL4M5本物の試験を開くことができます。
CIPS L4M5試験は、調達およびサプライチェーン産業の雇用主に高い評価を受けています。この資格は、候補者が必要なスキルと知識を持っており、交渉能力があり、自己の組織に最適な結果を達成することができることを示しています。この試験に合格することは、調達専門家にとってキャリアチャンスを開くこともあります。これは、多くのシニア調達職に必須の要件であるためです。全体的に見て、CIPS L4M5試験は、調達およびサプライチェーン管理の分野で優れた成果を上げたい人にとって必須の資格です。
CIPS L4M5 認定プログラムは、コミュニケーションスキル、交渉戦術、契約管理、紛争解決など、商業交渉に関連する幅広いトピックをカバーしています。このプログラムは、交渉プロセスの包括的な理解と、成功した結果を達成するために必要なツールとテクニックを提供することを目的としています。CIPS L4M5 認定プログラムは、業界で非常に高い評価を受けており、商業交渉における卓越性の証として世界の雇用主に認められています。
JPNTestは、受験者向けのL4M5試験資料を作成するための専門的なプラットフォームです。L4M5試験に合格し、関連する認定をより効率的で簡単な方法で取得できるようお手伝いします。当社のL4M5試験材料の優れた品質とリーズナブルな価格により、当社のL4M5試験トレントは、国際分野の他のメーカーよりも価格が優れているだけでなく、多くの点で明らかに優れています。 L4M5試験問題集の合格率は99％〜100％であり、これは市場で独特です。
CIPS L4M5の試験に合格することは、複雑な商業契約を自信を持って交渉するために必要な専門知識や実践的なスキルを持っていることを雇用主や同僚に示すことができます。また、調達やサプライチェーン分野でのさらなる専門的な成長やキャリアアップのための道筋となります。
質問 # 151
The sourcing manager has decided to adopt an adversarial style of negotiation to take advantage of the buyer's greater bargaining power over the suppliers. In what other circumstances should an adversarial relationship be used?
正解：C
解説：
This question is a duplicate of Question 17. The answer remains the same: When the issues concerned are non- negotiable, such as health and safety commitments (D). Non-negotiable issues require an assertive approach to ensure adherence to essential standards, as highlighted in CIPS's framework for negotiation styles.
質問 # 152
Ma Bell was the sole provider of landline telephone service to most of the US in 1980s. This is an example of...?
正解：B
解説：
A monopoly exists when only one company can supply an essential product or service in a given region because of significant barriers to entry for any competitor. The barriers can be legal, regulatory, economic, or geographic. Ma Bell case is an example of monopoly. The company was broken up in 1982.
A monopsony is a market structure in which a single buyer substantially controls the market as the major purchaser of goods and services offered by many would-be sellers.
Pure or perfect competition is a theoretical market structure in which the following criteria are met:
- All firms sell an identical product (the product is a "commodity" or "homogeneous").
- All firms are price takers (they cannot influence the market price of their product).
- Market share has no influence on prices.
- Buyers have complete or "perfect" information-in the past, present and future-about the product being sold and the prices charged by each firm.
- Resources for such a labor are perfectly mobile.
- Firms can enter or exit the market without cost.
Monopolistic competition characterizes an industry in which many firms offer products or services that are similar, but not perfect substitutes. Barriers to entry and exit in a monopolistic competitive industry are low, and the decisions of any one firm do not directly affect those of its competitors. Monopolistic competition is closely related to the business strategy of brand differentiation
質問 # 153
A buying organisation with a low spend but the reputation for paying on-time. In order to increase buyer's leverage in negotiation with suppliers, which of the following should be a priority of this buyer?
正解：D
解説：
According to Paul Steele's 'The Seller's Perspective', customer can be classified into 4 categories as below:
To increase the leverage in negotiation, buyer may increase its attractiveness and/or increase spend value. In this scenario, the buyer is already attractive to supplier as it always pays on-time, but the spend is still low. So to have greater leverage, the buyer has to increase its spend volume by spend concentration. Spend concentration may take many forms as following:
- Vendor base reduction
- Volume pooling
- Volume redistribution
- Volume consolidation across categories
- Standardisation and harmonisation of specifications
- Forming purchasing consortia
Chart, treemap chart Description automatically generated
LO 1, AC 1.3
質問 # 154
Different types of relationships impact negotiations. Which source of leverage would most support the buyer?
正解：D
解説：
Legitimate power comes from formal authority and organisational backing, making it a credible and sustainable leverage source in negotiations. Personality power or reliance on colleagues and friends lacks long- term weight and may not influence suppliers strategically. Buyers who use legitimate power, backed by governance and authority, negotiate from a position of credibility and professionalism, reinforcing stronger outcomes.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 (2nd ed.), LO 3.1 - Sources of power: legitimate, coercive, expert, referent.
質問 # 155
Which of the following are examples of non-verbal negotiation? Select THREE that apply.
正解：B、C、D
解説：
Nonverbal communication is important because it gives us valuable information about a situation including how a person might be feeling, how someone receives information and how to approach a person or group of people.
There are several types of nonverbal communications you should be aware of, including:
1. Body language
Body language is the way someone situates their body naturally depending on the situation, the environment and how they are feeling.
Example: Someone might cross their arms if they are feeling angry or nervous.
2. Movement
The way you move your arms and legs such as walking quickly or slowly, standing, sitting or fidgeting, can all convey different messages to onlookers.
Example: Sitting still and paying attention in a meeting conveys respect and attention.
3. Posture
The way you sit or stand can also communicate your comfort level, professionalism and general disposition towards a person or conversation.
Example: Someone might slouch their shoulders if they feel tired, frustrated or disappointed.
4. Gestures
While gestures vary widely across communities, they are generally used both intentionally and unintentionally to convey information to others.
Example: Someone in the United States might display a "thumbs up" to communicate confirmation or that they feel positively about something.
5. Space
Creating or closing distance between yourself and the people around you can also convey messages about your comfort level, the importance of the conversation, your desire to support or connect with others and more.
Example: You might stand two to three feet away from a new contact to respect their boundaries.
6. Paralanguage:
Paralanguage includes the non-language elements of speech, such as your talking speed, pitch, intonation, volume and more.
Example: You might speak quickly if you are excited about something.
7. Facial expressions
One of the most common forms of nonverbal communication is facial expressions. Using the eyebrows, mouth, eyes and facial muscles to convey can be very effective when communicating both emotion and information.
Example: Someone might raise their eyebrows and open their eyes widely if they feel surprised.
8. Eye contact
Strategically using eye content (or lack of eye contact) is an extremely effective way to communicate your attention and interest.
Example: Looking away from someone and at the ground or your phone may convey disinterest or disrespect.
9. Touch
Some people also use touch as a form of communication. Most commonly, it is used to communicate support or comfort. This form of communication should be used sparingly and only when you know the receiving party is okay with it. It should never be used to convey anger, frustration or any other negative emotions.
Example: Placing your hand on a friend's shoulder may convey support or empathy.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 174-175
- Nonverbal Communication Skills: Definition and Examples
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 156
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さらに、JPNTest L4M5ダンプの一部が現在無料で提供されています：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1rSIW-7azVPQlUp3FFMrCWHDIYRMeqOM9